Foundation Design Principles and Practices Third Edition Donald P. Coduto William A. Kitch Man-chu Ronald Yeung Professors of Civil Engineering California State Polytechnic University, Pomona PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Contents Preface Notation and Units of Measurement xi xiii PART A - General Principles 1 1. Foundations 3 1.1 Foundation Classification 4 1.2 The Emergence of Modern Foundation Engineering 5 1.3 The Foundation Engineer 9 1.4 Codes, Standards, and Technical Literature 10 12 2. Uncertainty and Risk in Foundation Design 13 2.1 Sources and Types of Uncertainty 14 2.2 Probability Theory 16 2.3 Failure, Reliability, and Risk 25 2.4 Applying Reliability Theory in Practice 28 32 Questions and Practice Problems 33 3. Soil Mechanics 35 3.1 Review and Nomenclature 37 3.2 Soil Classification 38 3.3 Stress 41 3.4 Compressibility and Settlement 53 3.5 Shear Strength 65 3.6 Lateral Earth Pressures 74 78 Questions and Practice Problems 80 iii
iv Contents 4. Subsurface Investigation and Characterization 84 4.1 Site Investigation 86 4.2 Laboratory Testing 96 4.3 In Situ Testing 106 4.4 Determination of Soil Properties for Foundation Design 127 4.4 Synthesis of Field and Laboratory Data 141 4.5 Economics 143 145 Questions and Practice Problems 146 5. Performance Requirements 148 5.1 Types of Failure and Limit States 149 5.2 Ultimate Limit States 150 5.3 Serviceability Limit States 162 5.4 Constructability Requirements 179 5.5 Economic Requirements 180 181 Questions and Practice Problems 183 PART B - Shallow Foundation Analysis and Design 187 6. Shallow Foundations 189 6.1 Spread Footings 189 6.2 Mats 196 6.3 Bearing Pressure 197 6.4 Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressures 210 211 Questions and Practice Problems 212 7. Spread Footings Geotechnical Ultimate Limit States 215 7.1 Bearing Capacity 216 7.2 Bearing Capacity Analyses in Soil General Shear Case 219 7.3 Groundwater Effects 233 7.4 Selection of Soil Strength Parameters 236 7.5 Design of Spread Footings Against Bearing Capacity Failure 237 7.6 Bearing Capacity Analysis in Soil Local and Punching Shear Cases 246 7.7 Bearing Capacity on Layered Soils 247 7.8 Bearing Capacity of Footings on or Near Slopes 250 7.9 Accuracy of Bearing Capacity Analyses 251 7.10 Design of Spread Footings Against Sliding Failure 253 258 Questions and Practice Problems 260
Contents v 8. Spread Footings Geotechnical Serviceability Limit States 264 8.1 Design Requirements 265 8.2 Modulus Based Methods of Computing Settlement 266 8.3 e-log-p Based Method of Computing Settlement 283 8.4 Differential Settlement 290 8.5 Rate of Settlement 296 8.6 Accuracy of Settlement Predictions 297 302 Questions and Practice Problems 303 9. Spread Footings Geotechnical Design 307 9.1 Individual Footing Design Approach 308 9.2 Design Charts Approach 313 9.3 Allowable Bearing Pressure Approach 317 9.4 Rectangular and Combined Footings 328 9.5 Special Seismic Considerations 329 9.6 Lightly-Loaded Footings 330 9.7 Footings on or Near Slopes 333 9.8 Footings on Frozen Soils 334 9.9 Footings on Soils Prone to Scour 340 341 Questions and Practice Problems 342 10. Spread Footings Structural Design 348 10.1 Selection of Materials 350 10.2 Footing Behavior and Design Methods 350 10.3 Design Methodology 352 10.4 Minimum Cover Requirements and Standard Dimensions 354 10.5 Square Footings 356 10.6 Continuous Footings 374 10.7 Rectangular Footings 379 10.8 Combined Footings 381 10.9 Lightly Loaded Footings 381 10.10 Connections with the Superstructure 383 397 Questions and Practice Problems 398 11. Mats 401 11.1 Configuration 402 11.2 Geotechnical Ultimate Limit States 403 11.3 Geotechnical Serviceability Limit States 403 11.4 Compensated Mats 404
Deep vi Contents 11.5 Rigid Methods 407 11.6 Nonrigid Methods 409 11.7 Structural Design 416 418 Questions and Practice Problems 419 PART C - Foundation Analysis and Design 421 12. Deep Foundation Systems and Construction Methods 423 12.1 Deep Foundation Types and Terminology 424 12.2 Driven Piles 427 12.3 Drilled Shafts 451 12.4 Auger Piles 469 12.5 Other Pile Types 476 12.6 Caissons 484 12.7 Pile-Supported and Pile-Enhanced Mats 488 489 Questions and Practice Problems 491 13. Piles Load Transfer and Limit States 493 13.1 Axial Load Transfer 494 13.2 Lateral Load Transfer 508 13.3 Installation Effects 509 514 Questions and Practice Problems 515 14. Piles Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Load Tests 517 14.1 Objectives 517 14.2 Conventional Static Pile Load Tests 518 14.3 Interpretation of Test Results 522 14.4 Instrumented Static Pile Load Tests 530 14.5 Osterberg Load Tests (O-Cell) 535 14.6 Dynamic Axial Load Tests 536 537 Questions and Practice Problems 537 15. Driven Piles Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods 539 15.1 Toe Bearing 541 15.2 Side Friction 547 15.3 Analyses Based on the Cone Penetration Test 557 15.4 Upward Capacity 566 15.5 Group Effects 568
Contents vii 15.6 Unusual Soils 572 15.7 Setup and Relaxation 573 574 Questions and Practice Problems 575 16. Drilled Shafts Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods 580 16.1 Toe Bearing 581 16.2 Side Friction 583 16.3 Upward Load Capacity 592 16.4 Analyses Based on CPT Results 594 16.5 Group Effects 594 594 Questions and Practice Problems 595 17. Auger Piles Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods 598 17.1 Augered Cast-in-Place Piles (ACIP) 598 17.2 Drilled Displacement (DD) Piles 604 610 Questions and Practice Problems 611 18. Other Pile Types Axial Load Capacity 613 18.1 Jacked Piles 613 18.2 Pressure-Injected Footings (Franki Piles) 615 18.3 Micropiles 617 18.4 Helical Piles 619 621 Questions and Practice Problems 622 19. Deep Foundations Axial Load Capacity Based on Dynamic Methods 623 19.1 Pile Driving Formulas 623 19.2 Wave Equation Analyses 627 19.3 High-Strain Dynamic Testing 647 19.4 Conclusions 662 662 Questions and Practice Problems 663 20. Piles Serviceability Limit States 665 20.1 Design Load 666 20.2 Settlement Analysis Based on Load Tests 666 20.3 Mobilization of Pile Capacity 666
viii Contents 20.4 The t-z Method 672 20.5 Simplified Static Analysis Methods 674 20.6 Settlement of Pile Groups 677 20.7 Equivalent Spring Model 682 20.8 Other Sources of Settlement 682 20.9 Other Serviceabilty Considerations 682 683 Questions and Practice Problems 683 21. Piles Structural Design 685 21.1 Design Philosophy 686 21.2 Design Criteria 687 21.3 Driven Piles 692 21.4 Drilled Shafts and Auger Piles 706 21.5 Pile Caps 707 21.6 Seismic Design 709 709 Questions and Practice Problems 710 22. Laterally Loaded Piles 712 22.1 Battered Piles 713 22.2 Response to Lateral Loads 716 22.3 Methods of Evaluating Lateral Load Capacity 721 22.4 Rigid Pile Analyses 722 22.5 Nonrigid Pile Analyses 727 22.6 p-y Curves for Isolated Piles 729 22.7 Lateral Load Tests 735 22.8 Group Effects 736 22.9 Depth to Fixity Method 740 22.10 Improving Lateral Capacity 22.11 Synthesis 741 741 743 Questions and Practice Problems 744 23. Piles The Design Process 746 23.1 Unstable Conditions 747 23.2 Pile Type and Configuration 754 23.3 Required Axial Pile Capacity 758 23.4 Geotechnical Design 759 23.5 Structural Design 761 23.6 Verification and Redesign During Construction 762 23.7 Integrity Testing 764 768 Questions and Practice Problems 769
Contents ix 24. Pile Supported and Pile Enhanced Mats 770 24.1 Pile Supported Mats 771 24.2 Pile Enhanced Mats 772 24.3 Compensated Mat Foundations 774 775 Questions and Practice Problems 116 PART D - Special Topics 777 25. Foundations in Rocks and Intermediate Geomaterials 779 25.1 Rock as a Structural Foundation Material 779 25.2 Design of Foundations in Rocks 797 25.3 Foundations in Intermediate Geomaterials 815 818 Questions and Practice Problems 819 26. Ground Improvement 822 26.1 Ground Improvement for Foundations 823 26.2 Removal and Replacement 823 26.3 Precompression 824 26.4 In Situ Densification 828 26.5 In Situ Replacement 831 26.6 Grouting 832 26.7 Stabilization Using Admixtures 835 26.8 Reinforcement 836 837 Questions and Practice Problems 838 27. Foundations on Expansive Soils 840 27.1 The Nature, Origin, and Occurrence of Expansive 27.2 Identifying, Testing, and Evaluating Expansive Soils 841 Soils 853 27.3 Estimating Potential Heave 865 27.4 Typical Structural Distress Patterns 870 27.5 Preventive Design and Construction Measures 871 27.6 Other Sources of Heave 882 884 Questions and Practice Problems 885 28. Foundations on Collapsible Soils 887 28.1 Origin and Occurrence of Collapsible Soils 887 28.2 Identification, Sampling, and Testing 891 28.3 Evaluation and Remediaiton for Routine Projects 893 28.4 Advanced Testing and Analysis 893
X Contents 28.5 Collapse in Deep Compacted Fills 897 28.6 Preventive and Remedial Measures 897 901 Questions and Practice Problems 902 Appendix A Units and Conversion Factors 903 Appendix B Probability Tables 907 References 911 Index 941