NH 3 Emissions from Poultry Layer Operations Lingying Zhao Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Air Quality and Bioenvironmental Engineering Lab Dept. of Food, Agri. and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University 1
Overview Layer facilities and air emissions Studies and Measurement methods on ammonia emissions Ammonia concentrations and emissions of layer facilities Conclusions 2
High-rise deep-pit (HR) layer barn 69% of existing layer facilities in the U.S. 100,000 to 250,000 hens Manure storage pit 3
Schematic of High-rise Deep-pit Layer Facility 56 x590 laying house with deep pit 4
Manure-belt (MB) layer barns 24% of existing layer facilities in the U.S. 70% new layer facilities in the U.S. 5
Schematic of Manure-Belt Layer Facility 6
Air emissions from Layer Facilities The major air emissions associated with layer facilities: Ammonia Airborne particles (particulate matter) Odor and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Microbial organisms 7
Measurement and Control of Ammonia and Particulate Air Emissions from Laying Barns Dr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue University Lingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSU Dr. Teng Lim, Research Associate, Purdue University Dr. Ji-Qin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue University Dr. Huwei Sun, Research Associate, OSU Dr. Chaoyuan Wang, Visiting Scholar, OSU 8
Objectives 1. Quantify and characterize baseline particulate (PM) and NH 3 emissions rates for two types of laying facilities. 2. Demonstrate efficiency of a series PM and NH 3 abatement technologies, including PM impaction system, new diet, enzyme-based manure additives, alum, and an electrostatic space charging system. 9
Characterization and Abatement of NH 3, PM, Pathogen and Odor Emissions from Manure-Belt Layer Barns and Composting Facilities By: Lingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSU Matt Darr, Roderick Manuzon, Research Associate, OSU Dr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue University Jiqin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue University Sponsor: USDA NRI air quality program 03/2005-02/20082008 10
Objectives 1. Determine baseline air emissions (NH 3, PM 10, PM 2.5, odor, and pathogen) from egg production facilities, 2. Test the hypothesis that belt battery barns emit less air emissions than conventional deep pit barns with replicated field tests. 3. Quantify effects of litter composting on air emissions from egg production facilities. 11 11
Monitoring Plan for Mt. Victory, Ohio S OFIS Pit Pit Barn 1 Barn 2 Cages Thermocouple Air sampling (1-13) Anemometer (SVA) RH/Temp probe Static pressure port TEOM PM monitor F50 F47 F38 F29 F25 F50 F25 Fan number 8 11 8 8 12 8 Floor plan (201 m x 21 m) 9 Barn 2 2 1 Fan stage 7 2 5 6 3 7 4 7 6 7 3 7 6 3 7 10 F13 F22 F4 Instrument 13 shelter S F47 F29 F38 F22 5 1 6 Floor plan (201 m x 21 m) 3 Barn 1 2 4 Vibration sensor on each fan F13 Activity sensor Wind sensor S Solar sensor F4 F26 F1 F26 F1 12 8 10 9 9 10 9 10 8 10 9 10 9 10 9 8 10 9 10 9 9 10 5 6 7 4 5 4 4 6 5 7 8
Mobil Air Emission Lab 13
Gas Analyzers Cal. gas cylinders 14
NH 3-1-TEI 17C Chemiluminescence Ammonia Analyzer Chemiluminesence uses indirect measurement of ammonia by conversion to NO, and mathematical or chemical subtraction from the total nitrogen content; Has 1 ppb detection limit http://www.thermo.com/ethermo/cma/pdfs/product/productpdf_12263.pdf 15 15
NH 3-2-MSA Chilgard RT Ammonia Analyzer Photoaccoustics uses gas irradiated with intermitent light of specific wavelength and converts it to acoustic signal, Has 2 ppm detection limit. http://media.msanet.com 16 16
Air Flow Measurements Fan activity was measured using vibration sensors (left), Fan airflow was indirectly estimated by means of manufacturer fan curve and building pressure measurements, and Fan curves were calibrated using Flow Assessment Numerations System (FANS) (right). Vibration sensors Flow Assessment Numeration System (FANS) 17 17
Fan Performance Curves Static pressure, Pa 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 -60-70 -80 As found Cleaned Publilshed 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Airflow rate, m 3 /s 18
NH 3 Emission Calculations E = M Q actual * * ( C out - C in) 0.0821*(273+T exhaust) Where: E ammonia emission rate from barn, mg/s Q actual outlet airflow rate at T exhaust, m 3 /s C out outlet gas concentration, ppm C in inlet gas concentration, ppm M ammonia molecular weight T exhaust temperature at the outlet sampling location 19
Indoor Environment Daily Mean Temp.and RH at a Belt Battery Layer Barn Temperature ( C) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Barn T Amb. T 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 Relative Humidity (%) -10 Barn RH 5.0-20 -5.0 8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2 Day in 2004 and 2005 20
Ventilation Rates Daily Mean Airflow Rate and Static Pressure at the Belt Battery Barn 600 0.0 500 Airflow Rate Fan Pressure -10.0 Airflow Rate (dsm 3 /s) 400 300 200 ` -20.0-30.0-40.0-50.0 Static Pressure (Pa) 100-60.0 0-70.0 8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2 Day in 2004 and 2005 21
High-Rise Barn- NH 3 Concentration & Emission 2.0 400 Emission (g/d-bird) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Emission Conc. 350 300 250 200 150 100 Concentration (ppm) 0.2 50 0.0 7/25 8/8 8/22 9/5 9/19 10/3 10/17 10/31 11/14 11/28 12/12 12/26 1/9 1/23 2/6 0 Day in 2004 and 2005 22
Manure-Belt Barn NH 3 Concentration & Emission 1.4 25 Emission (g/day-bird) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Emission Concentration 20 15 10 Concentration (ppm) 0.2 5 0.0 8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2 Day in 2004 and 2005 0 23
Summary of Results Manure- Belt Barn High-Rise Barn NH 3 Concentration (ppm) 9.1 40 NH 3 Emission (g/d-bird) 0.29 1.03 24
Ammonia Concentrations & Emissions from Manure-Belt Layer Facilities 1 0.9 emission factor concentration 20 18 NH 3 Emission Rate (g/d/bird) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 NH 3 Concentration (ppmv) 0 2/1/07 4/2/07 6/1/07 7/31/07 9/29/07 11/28/07 1/27/08 Time 0 25 25
Ammonia Concentration and Emission Annual Summaries Daily Average NH 3 Concentration (ppmv) Daily Average NH 3 Emissions (g/d/bird) ave ± sd max min ave ± sd max min Barn 1 6.6 ± 4.7 18.6 0.1 0.14 ± 0.09 0.45 0.00 Barn 2 6.9 ± 4.9 25.8 0.1 0.18 ± 0.16 1.8 0.01 Total 6.7 ± 4.3 25.8 0.1 0.16 ± 0.13 1.8 0.00 26
NH 3 Emission from a Layer Manure Composting Facility 141.00 32.50 MSA Sampling probes 64.50 MSA 32.55 airflow Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 8.00 5.35 axial fans 4.00 Wall to fan Compost Rows distance Compost Loading Area 0 15 25 50 Inter-fan distance 27 27
Seasonal Variations in Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions 1200 90 Ammonia concentration (ppmv) 1000 800 600 400 200 NH3 Concentration Air Temperature % RH 70 50 30 10 Air Temperature ( O C) Relative Humidity (%) 0-10 Feb-08 Jan-08 Dec-07 Nov-07 Oct-07 Sep-07 Aug-07 Jul-07 Jun-07 May-07 Time 28 28
Emission Rates and Factors Spring Summer Fall Winter Annual Average NH 3 emission rates (Kg d -1 ) (Ave.± Std.) 231 ± 20 315 ± 49 243 ± 41 263 ± 109 263 ± 37 NH 3 emission factors (Kg ton -1 d -1 ) (Ave.± Std.) 10.5 ± 1.3 26.4 ±2 12.3±0.9 12.5 ± 1.1 15.4 ± 1.3 NH 3 emission factors (g d -1 hen -1 ) 0.23 0.53 0.25 0.26 0.32± 0.14 Annual emission rate (Kg yr -1 ) 96143 29
Conclusions of Study 1 The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 9.1 ppmv ranging from 2 to 25 ppmv. The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 40 ppmv ranging from 0 to 90 ppmv. NH 3 emission rate: 0.29 g/day-hen for the BB barn and 1.03 g/day-hen for the HR barn. 44,400 hens from the HR barn or 158,000 hens from the BB barn would emit 100 lb NH 3 /day. 30
Conclusions of Study 2 The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 6.7 ± 4.3 ppmv ranging from 0.1 to 18.6 ppmv; The average daily mean ammonia emissions from the MB layer facilities was 0.16 ± 0.13 g/d/bird ranging from 0.007 to 1.78 g/d/bird. The daily average NH 3 concentrations in the MB layer manure composting facility varied from 123 to 278 ppm in a year. The daily average NH 3 emission rates varied from 114 to 426 kg d -1. The annual NH 3 emission rate was estimated as 96,143 kg. The emission factors were calculated as 0.32 ±0.14 g d -1 hen -1. 31
Thanks. Lingying Zhao Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Dept. of Food, Agri. and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University Phone: (614) 292-2366 Email: zhao.119@osu.eed 32