L ACQUA QUALE ELEMENTO CHIAVE PER LE TECNOLOGIE ENERGETICHE DEL FUTURO Con il patrocinio di Relatore: Fabrizio Alberti, R&D Enginner, FBK
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW - Desalination and renewable energy: The case of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) CSP and Desalination: Introduction and Preliminary Considerations Description of Typical Plant Configurations Results Overview CSP Potential Methodology Results - The Scope of CSP in the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) Electricity Supply Water Supply - State of the Art: Acqua DLR and CSP MED EU Studies
TECHNOLOGY CSP Technology Overview
power and water for very large consumers like hotel resorts or industry. CSP + DESALINATION Different configurations for desalination by CSP Heat Only Power Only Combined Heat & Power Solar Field Storage Solar Field Storage Solar Field Storage solar heat fuel grid solar heat fuel Power Plant solar heat heat fuel Power Plant MED RO MED Water Power Water Power Water Power Concentrating solar collector field with thermal energy storage directly producing heat for thermal multi-effect desalination. Power generation for reverse osmosis (CSP/RO) Combined generation of electricity and heat for multi-effect desalination (CSP/MED).
WATER SCARCITY Global Water Scarcity
Global Potential for Concentrating Solar Power CSP POTENTIALS
Matching between water scarcity and global potential for CSP MATCHING BETWEEN SCARCITY AND POTENTIAL RESOURCE
RENEWABLE SOLUTIONS Renewable energies for desalination: why CSP? Desalination plants require continuous operation: This conflicts with the intermittent nature of renewable energies Storage of electricity is expensive CSP offers the option of thermal energy storage Hybrid operation is possible in the same power block (no shadow power plant required)
CSP PLANT SCHEME CSP Scheme 395 C Solar Field Fossil Back-up Re-heater P el 385 C 377 C 100 bar Steam Turbine G 285 C Steam Generator Temperature depends on the configuration Thermal Storage 295 C
Conventional Desalination Plant CONVENTIONAL DESALINATION
Sustainable Desalination Plant INNOVATIVE DESALINATION
Reverse Osmosis (RO) OVERVIEW DESALINATION
Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) OVERVIEW DESALINATION
INTEGRATION CSP + RO Re-heater 377 C 100 bar Steam Turbine G Permeate 40-50 C RO Brine Pre-treatment Sea Water intake Once-Through Cooling Brine discharge Electrical interconnection only CSP plant can be located away from the coast Dry-cooling (lower efficiency vs. higher DNI)
INTEGRATION CSP - MED 377 C 16,5 bar 377 C 100 bar G 73 C 0,35 bar Pre-treatment Sea Water intake 1 2 3 4 14 MED Brine discharge Limited to coast Interdependent operation Hot water tank allows for compensation of variations in the turbine thermal output and thus for an almost constant water production
STUDY CSP Potential in MENA
Electricity Production (TWh/y) RESULTS Electricity Production of all MENA Countries by Sources 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Photovoltaics Wind Geothermal Hydropower Biomass CSP Plants Oil Gas Coal Nuclear 500 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year
Water Production [MCM/y] RESULTS Water Production Potential of all MENA Countries by Sources Middle East & North Africa (MENA) 500,000 450,000 400,000 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Efficiency Gains Unsustainable Extractions CSP Desalination Conventional Desalination Wastewater Reuse Surface Water Extractions Groundwater Extractions Total Demand BaU 0 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year
RESULTS Yemen West Bank UAE Tunisia Syria Saudi Arabia Qatar Oman Morocco Malta Libya Lebanon Kuwait Jordan * Israel Iraq * Iran Gaza Egypt Djibouti Bahrain Algeria 23.7 RO or MED RO only 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 CSP Desalination Potential [Bm³/y]
Scenario for Middle East and North Africa RESULTS SCENARIO Source: AQUA-CSP 2007
CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Increasing water shortages require a paradigm change in the water sector supply; countermeasures in order to improve efficiency in the water sector have to be taken as soon as possible (drip systems, water distribution and re-use, avoidance of water-intensive crops) However these countermeasures will not be sufficient to cover the water deficit and new water sources have to be tapped Sustainable desalination driven by CSP is a valid option: the energy source is large enough to cope with demand and CSP is a proven technology CSP mitigates the risk if energy cost escalation, allows for a flexible plant operation. In the end CSP multi-purpose plants make possible to produce sustainable electricity and water
CONCLUSIONS Why CSP for Water in MENA? CSP potential is very large even at coastal sites good seasonal correlation of availability and demand most abundant in regions with highest water scarcity base load for uninterrupted operation of desalination plants solar powered pre-treatment replaces chemicals Referece for figures and results: - AQUA DLR Study (www.dlr.de/tt/aqua-csp) - CSP MED EU Project (www.med-csd-ec.eu) - M. Mosler, 2010, Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination CSP Expo - DLR, MENA Regional Water Outlook Desalination Using Renewable Energy
CONTATTI Fabrizio Alberti Energy and Nucler Engineer E-Mail: alberti@fbk.eu Telefono: + 39 0461 314 941 Cellulare: +39 345 22 35 507 Web: ares.fbk.eu www.eambiente.it