Pratap Birthal National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) 2500 100% 90% 80% 70% 1500 60% 7 8 9 9 19 21 19 50% 3 4 6 9 12 16 17 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 5 3 3 2 3 8 10 2 4 40% 3 3 3 9 7 4 17 22 22 6 11 21 19 14 24 25 27 29 24 13 30% 21 20 20 19 18 13 18 1000 500 20% 6 4 4 4 6 8 17 19 8 10% 0 Aus India Brazil EU India 1994-96=0.19 million t 2013-15=1.884 million t NZ US 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0% 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 000 tons Aus Brazil EU India NZ US RW India 1994-96=3.53% 2013-15=19.71% 1
India s top destinations Source: USDA database Angola 3% Jordan 5% Kuwait 2% Georgia 1% Oman 3% Iran 4% U.A.E. 15% 1999/2001 Others 11% 0% Egypt 10% Malaysia 28% Philippines 18% Kuwait 2% Angola 2% Philippines 3% UAE 3% Algeria 4% Saudi Arab 5% Others 18% Thailand 9% 2013/15 Malaysia 9% Egypt 8% Vietnam 37% Share of top 5=76% Share of top 5: 68% 2
Majority Hindu population does not prefer bovine meat. Of the total over 4 million tonnes of bovine meat about half enters the international markets. Utility of buffalo Milk Males for draught power Meat Mechanization Reduced demand for draught services Declining farm size draught animals uneconomical Increasing use of AI Slaughtering, exports not banned Meat is produced from male calves, culled dairy animals Low cost of production-mixed farming system; crop residues and by-products 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 42.2 53.5 62.7 80.0 26.3 23.3 20.2 18.3 14.8 15.0 16.2 15.9 17.9 16.1 Buffalo population (million) 92.6 1972 1982 1992 2003 2012 Male Female % males 3
4.5 4.0 3.5 3.6 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.4 2.5 Asia Africa RW World 4
9000 8500 8000 7500 7000 6500 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 Production (000t) Producer subsidy (US$ per t) Producer price (US$ per t) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 1500 1000 500 0 Unit export value (US$/t) Source: FAOSTAT 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 1500 1000 500 0 India World 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 5
Buffaloes are raised in mixed farming systems, and no practice of using hormones, antibiotics etc. for fattening as in commercial systems, near organic Buffalo meat is lean, and comparable to cattle meat in terms of nutritional values and palatability Higher protein Higher Vit B6 and B12 lower calories Lower cholesterol India produces meat according to halal standards- a key requirement of Islamic countries 6
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India is free from all the OIE A list diseases excluding FMD. The government has been implementing FMD control program in 351 districts Salvaging and rearing buffalo male calves: 14 million male calves perish annually. Subsidized credit to farmers, NGOs and corporates for rearing buffalo calves. Modernization of slaughterhouses and abattoirs: grantin-aid assistance of 50-75% for cost of plant and machinery and technical civil work limited to Rupees 15 crores Exports only from licensed and APEDA registered plants: Registration is done by APEDA, Export Inspection Council of India and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India and is renewable Hygiene and sanitary conditions, ante and post-mortem inspections, infrastructure, laboratory facilities, etc. Quality control Compliance with SPS measures required by the International Animal Health code of World Organization for Animal Health (O.I.E.) All export-oriented units are HACCP and ISO: 9000 certificates; and follow Good Manufacturing Practices and Good Hygiene Practices Export shipments undergo microbial and other tests with a comprehensive pre-shipment certificate indicating that meat comes from a healthy stock and is free from infectious diseases including FMD Exports of only de-boned and de-glanded meat as per OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code to prevent contamination by FMD virus; and Bone-in meat is prohibited for exports, 8
Of India s top 25 export markets 8 have MFN tariffs <10% 7 have tariffs of 10-20% 4 have tariffs >20% Regional trade agreements with members of ASEAN for preferential tariffs Thailand, 0 tariff Philippines 7% Laos 21% Malaysia 7% Top common markets: Algeria, Angola, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Philippines, UAE, Vietnam Top common: Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, UAE, Qatar and Vietnam 9
16 14 12 10 13.3 Production Export 8 6.8 6 4 2 0 1.3 1.9 2.2 3.9 0.3 0.7 4.7 0.8 3.7-2 -4-6 -0.7-3.5-0.4 10
Buffalo is valued for milk, and meat as an adjunct, hence India s is likely to remain a low-cost producer of buffalo meat There is little trade-off, if any, between milk and meat production With increasing mechanization of agriculture, and declining landholding size the utility of male buffalo as draught animal will decline further Demand for meat in India s major export markets is likely to remain stronger China and Russia are emerging as new export markets for Indian bovine meat 11
Rules for culling of cattle in Government Farms- (Source: para 137 of Manual of The Animal Husbandry Department, Andhra Pradesh State (First Edition, Volume I, 1968) The culling of cattle in Government Farms should be resorted to in the following cases:- a. Animals that do not conform to the breed characteristics. b. Animals that are uneconomical and weak and do not thrive inspite of good management. c. Animals that are old in age, generally 12 years has to be taken as old age. d. Animals that are poor in milk (if the animal to be culled is a milch breed, the minimum milk yield should be fixed as 750kg, for Ongole breed, 1000kg for Murrah buffaloes, 1500kg if cross bred. This should be strictly followed. e. Poor breeders that do not respond to proper treatment and management. f. Bulls and cows that are throwing out progeny which are not conforming to breed characteristics. g. Male stock that are not fit for breeding purposes. h. Young stock that are stunted in growth and unfit for rearing further profitably and comes from poor pedigree. i. Animals that are suffering from incurable diseases. j. Animals with deformities k. Animals that are too old and unfit for work purposes. l. Young female stock and cows that are not productive. m. The number of animals over and above the maximum strength at the farm to have to be disposed off to progressive farmers for breeding purposes under orders. This is to promote pure breeding in rural areas. Domestic market Export market 12