12,000 Primary Energy Demand (PJ) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Imported electricity Nuclear electricity Coal Imported refined oil Oil Natural Gas Biomass and waste Renewable electricity 0
PJ 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Final Energy demand by fuel (PJ) Others Heat Biosolids / waste Manufactured fuel Bio diesels Ethanol/Methanol Hydrogen Jet fuel Coal LPG Fuel oil / bio-oil Diesel Petrol Gas / biomethane Electricity
PJ 8,000 Final Energy demand by Sector 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - Non-energy use Transport Services Residential Industry Agriculture
PJ Use of conservation 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 - Industry Service Residential
PJ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 - Electricity storage Pumped hydro Hydrogen storage Plug-in hybrid Storage heaters
Mt-CO2 600 Sectoral Emissions Other Emissions 500 400 Transport Services Residential 300 200 100 Industry Hydrogen Electricity Agriculture Upstream -
Mt-CO2 600.0 Enduse Sectoral Emissions Non-energy use 500.0 Transport 400.0 Services 300.0 Residential 200.0 Industry 100.0 Agriculture Upstream 0.0
()2000)/t-CO2 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 - Marginal cost of CO2 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Billion (2000) Undiscounted energy system cost 300 250 200 150 100 50-2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
BVkm 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 Car fleets Car - Methanol Car - Hydrogen Car - Battery Car - E85 Car - Petrol Plug-in Car - Petrol Hybrid Car - Petrol ICE Car - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in Car - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid Car - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
BVkm 6.0 5.0 4.0 Bus fleets Bus - Methanol Bus - Hydrogen 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Bus - Battery Bus - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid Bus - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
BVkm 35.0 HGV fleet 30.0 HGV - Hydrogen 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 HGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid HGV - Diesel/biodiesel
BvKm 180.0 160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 LGV fleets LGV - Methanol LGV - Hydrogen LGV - Battery LGV - Petrol Plug-in LGV - Petrol Hybrid LGV - Petrol LGV - E85 LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid LGV - Diesel/biodiesel
BVkm Two-wheelers fleet 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 TW - Hydrogen 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 TW - Electricity TW - Petrol 0.0
BVkm 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Rail fleet Rail - Hydrogen Rail - Electricity Rail - Diesel/biodiesel
PJ Transport fuel demand 2500 Ethanol/methanol 2000 Bio-diesel/kerosene 1500 1000 Jet fuel Hydrogen Electricity 500 Diesel Petrol 0
PJ 1,600 Generation by plant type 1,400 Storage 1,200 1,000 CHPs 800 600 Non-base load 400 200 Base load -
GW Installed capacity by plant type 140 120 Storage 100 80 60 40 20 CHPs Non-base load Base load -
PJ 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - Car fuel demand Car - Methanol Car - Hydrogen Car - Battery Car - E85 Car - Petrol Plug-in Car - Petrol Hybrid Car - Petrol ICE Car - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in Car - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid Car - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
PJ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 - Bus fuel demand Bus - Methanol Bus - Hydrogen Bus - Battery Bus - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid Bus - Diesel/biodiesel ICE
PJ 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 - HGV fuel demand HGV - Hydrogen HGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid HGV - Diesel/biodiesel
PJ 300 250 200 LGV fuel demand LGV - Methanol LGV - Hydrogen LGV - Battery LGV - Petrol Plug-in 150 100 50 - LGV - Petrol Hybrid LGV - Petrol LGV - E85 LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Plug-in LGV - Diesel/biodiesel Hybrid LGV - Diesel/biodiesel
PJ Two-wheeler fuel demand 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - TW - Hydrogen TW - Electricity TW - Petrol
PJ Rail fuel demand 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 - Rail - Hydrogen Rail - Electricity Rail - Diesel/biodiesel
% reduction from base 5.00% Industry and agriculture demand reductions 0.00% -5.00% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050-10.00% -15.00% -20.00% -25.00% -30.00% Industry - Chemicals Industry - Iron & steel Industry - Non ferrous metals Industry - Others Industry - Paper & pulp Agriculture
% reduction from base 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% -5.00% -10.00% -15.00% -20.00% -25.00% -30.00% Residential demand reductions 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Residential - Electricity Residential - Cooling Residential - Cooking Residential - Refrigeration Residential - Heating Residential - Hot-water
% reduction from base 10.00% Service demand reductions 5.00% 0.00% -5.00% -10.00% -15.00% -20.00% -25.00% -30.00% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Services - Lighting Services - Refrigeration Services - Cooking Services - Cooling Services - Other electrical Services - Heating Services - Hot-water
% reduction from base Transport demand reduction 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% -5.00% -10.00% -15.00% -20.00% -25.00% -30.00% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Transport - Air domestic Transport - Bus Transport - Car Transport - Rail freight Transport - HGV Transport - Air International Transport - LGV Transport - Int'l Shipping Transport - Rail passenger Transport - Shipping Transport - Two wheeler
Billion 2000 60 Consumer+Producer Surplus 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 -20-30 -40 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Change in consumer + producer surplus Change in energy system costs Decrease in area under demand curve Increase in area under demand curve
PJ Aviation fuel demand 60 50 40 30 20 10 - Air - Bio-Kerosene Air - Hydrogen Air - Jet fuel
BVkm 0.3 Aviation fleet 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 Air (int) - Hydrogen Air (int) - Jet fuelbiokerosene Air - Hydrogen Air - Jet fuel-biokerosene 0.1 0.0
PJ 250.0 Bio-products in final energy 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 Industry Residential Service Transport 0.0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ Sectoral electricity demands (PJ) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - Upstreams Transport Service Residential Industry Hydrogen Agriculture
PJ 1,600.0 Electricity generation mix 1,400.0 1,200.0 1,000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Storage Solar PV Marine Imports Biowaste & others Wind Hydro Oil Nuclear Biomass CCS Gas CCS Gas Coal CCS Cofiring CCS Cofiring Coal
GW 140.0 Installed electric capacity 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Storage Solar PV Marine Imports Biowaste & others Wind Hydro Oil Nuclear Biomass CCS Gas CCS Gas Coal CCS Cofiring CCS Cofiring Coal
MtCO2 Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Utsira basin Aquifier Oil/gas field - high transport Oil/gas field - low transport Enhanced oil recovery
120.0 Drying 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Steam Natural Gas / Biomethane Liquid Petroleum Gas Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil Heavy Fuel Oil Coal Coke
350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 High temperature heat Steam Natural Gas / Biomethane Liquid Petroleum Gas Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil Heavy Fuel Oil Coal Electricity Coke Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas 0.0 2000 2005 20102015 2020 20252030 2035 2040 2045 2050
500.0 450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 Low temperature heat Steam Natural Gas / Biomethane Liquid Petroleum Gas Light Fuel Oil / Bio-oil Heavy Fuel Oil Coal Electricity Coke Coke Oven Gas
35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Investment level by fuel (GW) Storage Solar PV Marine Imports Biowaste & others Wind Hydro Oil Nuclear Biomass CCS Gas CCS Gas Coal CCS Cofiring CCS Cofiring Coal