VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD Place for a photo (no lines around photo) Will Finland be a Forerunner in Decarbonising the Transport Sector? IEA ETSAP Workshop on Decarbonising the Transport Sector, 12 th November 2017, Zürich Tiina Koljonen & Antti Lehtilä
Starting point The EU has set new 2030 targets for greenhouse gas reduction in the burden sharing sector (e.g. non-ets) for each of its Member States For Finland the new target is -39% GHG reduction compared with 2005 level (the 2020 target was -16% compared with the 2005 emissions) New energy and climate strategy as well as medium term climate plan for Finland were approved in 2017 These include concrete measures to reach both the EU and national energy and climate targets by 2030 18/12/2017 2
Impact assessments of national energy and climate policies were carried out in a multidisciplinary research project with five research organisations and more than 10 sectoral and integrated assessment models Modelling framework to study the impacts of policies National economies, economical structure Regional economies in Finland Sector models Health Impacts on environment, nature, air emissions Scenario analysis Energy systems, GHG emissions Transport, Buildings, Agriculture, Waste manag. Carbon sinks Forest industries, Wood use, Land use TIMES-VTT 18/12/2017 3
Transport accounts for 20% of Finland s GHG emissions and also has the greatest potential for GHG mitigation in the non-ets sector Other GHGs Mt CO 2 eq. Other CO 2 Transport CO 2 Industry CO 2 Energy CO 2 18/12/2017 4
GHG emissions of the transport sector should be halved from the 2005 level to reach the non- ETS target in 2030 Emission reduction, kt CO 2 eq. 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2020 2025 2030 Waste management Agriculture (non-energy) F-gas emissions Housing, service & agriculture buildings Work machines Domestic transport Industry Waste-to-energy plants Energy sector GHG emissions of domestic transport 2005 reference level Official 18/12/2017 5
Prime Minister Siplä s Governmental Programme New energy and climate targets for 2030 The share of renewable energy above 50% from final energy consumption (EU2020 target 38%, which is already reached) Reduce the use of mineral oil by 50% (compared with 2005 level) Increase the share of domestic energy sources above 55% Phase out of coal in energy production Increase the share of renewables in transport to 40% (2020 target is 20%, which is already reached) Most of these targets have direct or indirect impacts on transport sector
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) A long-term aim pursued in transport policy is a change that would turn mobility into a service Finland is a pioneer in this "mobility as a service" thinking A parliamentary committee was established in 2016 Physical mobility and digital services should merge into a high-quality door-to-door service Thus, the responsibility for innovations and service development lies with the private sector VTT s robot cars Marilyn and Martti Full automation is still some way off 18/12/2017 7
Two core scenarios: & (With Excisting Measures) scenario assumes existing Finnish national policies and measures and EU 2030-policy targets for the rest of the EU (With Additional Measures) scenario assumes the EU 2030- policy targets for Finland. Following measures have been approved: Biofuel blending obligation will be increased to 30% in road transport (average in 2030), and additionally 10% for work machine diesel use and heating oil use in buildings Electric cars at least 250,000, gas fueled cars at least 50,000 in 2030 Waste incineration plants moved to ETS sector around 2022 Flexible mechanisms are used to cover 2% points of the effort sharing non- ETS sector emission reduction target The ETS price level is expected to be 15 /tonne in 2020 and 30 /tonne in 2030 both in and, energy commodity prices are endogenous 18/12/2017 8
National policies and measures by 2030 to reach both the RES and GHG targets in the transport sector 30% biofuel blending obligation in road transport: New investments on advanced biofuel production plants (total new capacity app. 600 000 ktoe/a), which will use domestic raw materials (e.g. mainly wood residues but also other biowastes, and other raw materials) Increase the number of electric vehicles up to 200 000 and gas fuelled vehicles up to 50 000 No agreed policies yet how to do this Increase of energy efficiency of the vehicles and the whole the whole transport system New EU regulations, MaaS, increase of public transport, walking & cycling, efficiency & logistics of heavy transportation, etc. etc. 18/12/2017 9
National and EU level policies and strategies will define the mitigation path up to 2050 90 GHG emissions (excl. LULUCF), MtCO 2 e 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10-20% GHG reduction (EU target) -38% renewable target -20% renewables in transport -40% GHG reduction (EU target) -55% renewable target -40% renewables in transport -Phase out of coal -Halving the use of mineral oil -80-95% GHG reduction (EU and national target) 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Inventory 2 degree scenario 18/12/2017 10
Large share of RES growth is happening without any policies due to growth of forest industries => Opportunities but also challenges for advanced biofuel production Renewable primary energy vs. 700 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Ambient Renewable primary energy, PJ 600 500 400 300 200 100 Solar Wind Hydro Waste Bioliquid imports Agrobio Black liquor Wood 0 18/12/2017 11
Fossil oil is mainly replaced by advanced biofuels but also due to electrification Oil consumption by sector (government s definition) Mineral oil products consumption, PJ 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Work machines Transport Buildings & agricult Industry Power and heat Note: Only focal fractions of total oil consumption included, as defined 18/12/2017 12 in government programme
Wood consumption: 2013 vs. 2030 vs. not a big issue except in public debate 120 2013 2030 SNG* 100 Liquid fuels Wood, million m 3 80 60 40 20 0 Solid energy use Recovery boiler New fibre products Paper pulps Wood products * SNG=synthetic natural gas from wood
Forest sinks are halved but returned back due to forest renewal (Source: National Resource Institute of Finland) After the latest inventory of the forest stock, the increase of forest sinks is larger than in the below figure Maximum sustainable use of wood Impacts of 2030 strategies Low industrial use of wood 18/12/2017 14
Major uncertainties and pain points EU policies: Sustainability criteria of wood => delays in investments in Finland LULUCF policies => how carbon sinks are calculated (e.g. baseline) New RES markets based on RED2 => investments could move to other EU countries National policies How to ensure early enough investments, especially for biofuel plants How to ensure that Finland will have 250 000 electric vehicles by 2030 (today less than 1000) How to ensure that our transport system will become more efficient (e.g. the growth of transport demand should be flattened) How to ensure social equality of people living in rural areas 18/12/2017 15
New opportunties from VTT in collaboration with Lappeenranta University of Technology Fuels can be made from air and food from electricity 18/12/2017 16
Additional information Tiina Koljonen Research Team Leader Energy systems and Climate tiina.koljonen@vtt.fi Tel. 050 359 9549