BIOFUELS: EUROPEAN - SPANISH OVERVIEW Mercedes Ballesteros Head of Biofuels Unit CIEMAT 3rd March, 2011 1
OUTLINE CURRENT BIOFUELS PRODUCTION NEW OBJECTIVES FOR 2020 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS CIEMAT s ACTIVITIES ON CELLULOSIC ETHANOL 3rd March, 2011 2
BIOFUELS CONSUMPTION BY BIOFUEL TYPE IN THE UE 3rd March, 2011 3
BIOFUELS POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU 2001: In the Communication on alternative fuels for road transport the European Commission identifies biofuels as potential future transport fuel 2003: The EU adopts the Biofuels Directive (2003/30 EC ). Indicative targets: 2% in 2005; 5.75% in 2010 2003: Energy taxation Directive (2003/96 EC) allows de-taxation of biofuels 2006: EC presents An EU strategy for biofuels prepares the revision of the Biofuels Directive 2003/30 EC 2009: The EC adopts a new Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (RED) including compulsory targets for biofuels 3rd March, 2011 4
EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (ktoe) 3rd March, 2011 5
COMPARISON OF CURRENT TREND AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES OF 2003/30 DIRECTIVE 3rd March, 2011 6
Biofuels Consumption in the EU Total EU in 2010: 4.8% of road transport fuels (energy content) 3rd March, 2011 Source: EurObserv ER7
CURRENT BIOFUELS CONSUMPTION IN SPAIN Biodiesel: 1,6 48 operating plants 14 1,4 Total production capacity : 1,2 4.2 millions tons per year 1,0 million tons 0,8 0,6 Bioethanol: 0,4 4 operating plants 0,2 Total production capacity : 00 0,0 0.56 millions tons per year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 3rd March, 2011 8
OUTLINE CURRENT BIOFUELS PRODUCTION NEW OBJECTIVES FOR 2020 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS CIEMAT S ACTIVITIES ON CELLULOSIC ETHANOL 3rd March, 2011 9
RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE 2009/30 Scope: Common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources Mandatory national targets t 20% overall target t for renewable energy in 2020 10% target t for renewable energy in transport t (biofuels) in 2020 3rd March, 2011 10
BIOFUEL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE RE DIRECTIVE Regardless if biofuels are produced in or outside EU Biofuels have to fulfill sustainability criteria in order to (Art. 15): - contribute to national targets of the Member States to comply with RE obligations (10% RE in transport) t) - be eligible for financial support 3rd March, 2011 11
SUMMARY OF CRITERIA IN THE RED Art. 15: Requirements of biofuels for quotas and targets eligibility for subsidies No areas with high biodiversity No areas with high carbon stocks Minimum GHG savings Primary forests and wooded land Protected natural areas Highly biodiverse land (grassland and non-grassland) Peatland / wetlands Cont. forested areas (trees higher 5m) Only if it affects carbon stocks Reference date: January 2008 35% by 2009/2013 50% by 2017 60% after 2017 Only direct land use change considered 3rd March, 2011 12
DEFAULT VALUES OF THE RED FOR BIOFUELS Default value 3rd March, 2011 13
DEFAULT VALUES OF THE RED FOR BIOFUELS Default value 3rd March, 2011 14
DEFAULT VALUES OF THE RED FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS (2 nd GENERATION BIOFUELS) 3rd March, 2011 15
EU 2020: CHALLENGES FOR BIOENERGY Bionergy contribution to 2020 targets 14 % of the EU energy mix and 10% of energy demand in transport Current feedstocks and technologies will bring a significant contribution, but are unlikely to meet these targets It could request up to 3fold increase in total biomass use and afactor of 10 for biofuels, creating a double challenge for resources and technologies. 3rd March, 2011 16
EU 2020: CHALLENGES FOR RESOURCES A double challenge: Quantitative: more resources are needed Qualitative: more valuable final energy and added value out of each ton of feedstock and hectare of land Innovation is needed To enlarge the feedstock base To process new and most often more difficult feedstocks To enhance energy and economic content of the end products per unit of feedstock and land used 3rd March, 2011 17
CHALLENGES FOR RESOURCES LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS Wider range of non-food feedstocks (biomass residues and wastes) Poorer quality land could possibly be utilized High energy yield per ha Lower lifecycle CO 2 emissions Good potential for cost reductions and increased production efficiency (expected R&D progress) 3rd March, 2011 18
EU 2020: CHALLENGES FOR TECHNOLOGIES Enabling commercial availability of advanced biofuels at large scale to cover up to 4% of EU transport energy needs by 2020. Strengthening EU world technology leadership for renewable transport fuels. 3rd March, 2011 19
OUTLINE CURRENT BIOFUELS PRODUCTION NEW OBJECTIVES FOR 2020 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS CIEMAT S ACTIVITIES ON CELLULOSIC ETHANOL 3rd March, 2011 20
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Second generation bioethanol, pilot, demonstration and projected commercial plants in Europe. OPERATOR LOCATION ETHANOL CAPACITY SCALE STATUS Abengoa Bioenergy Salamanca, Spain 4000 t/yr Demo Operational, start-up 2009 BioGasol Bornholm, Denmark 4000 t/yr Demo Planned DTU, BioGasol SEKAB Inbicon, DONG Energy Procethol 2G, Futurol Süd-Chemie Copenhagen, Denmark Örnsköldsvik, Sweden Fredericia, Denmark Fredericia, Denmark Kalundborg, Denmark Pomacle, France Münich, Germany 10 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up 2006 100 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up t 2004 4500 t/yr 50,000 t/yr Demo Demo 120,000 000 t/yr Comm. 110 t/yr 1100 t/yr 4,500 t/yr Pilot Pilot Demo g,, /y g 140 t/yr 2840 t/yr Pilot Demo 2 t/yr Pilot Planned, start-up 2011 Planned, start-up 2014 Planned, start-up 2016 Operational, start-up 2003 Operational, start-up 2004 Inauguration 2009 Under construction, start up 2010 Planned Operational, start-up 2009 3rd March, 2011 24
Second generation bioethanol, pilot, demonstration and projected commercial plants in Europe. OPERATOR LOCATION ETHANOL CAPACITY SCALE STATUS Abengoa Bioenergy Salamanca, Spain 4000 t/yr Demo Operational, start-up 2009 BioGasol Bornholm, Denmark 4000 t/yr Demo Planned DTU, BioGasol SEKAB Inbicon, DONG Energy Procethol 2G, Futurol Süd-Chemie Copenhagen, Denmark Örnsköldsvik, Sweden Fredericia, Denmark Fredericia, Denmark Kalundborg, Denmark Pomacle, France Münich, Germany 10 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up 2006 100 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up t 2004 4500 t/yr 50,000 t/yr Demo Demo 120,000 000 t/yr Comm. 110 t/yr 1100 t/yr 4,500 t/yr Pilot Pilot Demo g,, /y g 140 t/yr 2840 t/yr Pilot Demo 2 t/yr Pilot Planned, start-up 2011 Planned, start-up 2014 Planned, start-up 2016 Operational, start-up 2003 Operational, start-up 2004 Inauguration 2009 Under construction, start up 2010 Planned Operational, start-up 2009 3rd March, 2011 25
Second generation bioethanol, pilot, demonstration and projected commercial plants in Europe. OPERATOR LOCATION ETHANOL CAPACITY SCALE STATUS Abengoa Bioenergy Salamanca, Spain 4000 t/yr Demo Operational, start-up 2009 BioGasol Bornholm, Denmark 4000 t/yr Demo Planned DTU, BioGasol SEKAB Inbicon, DONG Energy Procethol 2G, Futurol Süd-Chemie Copenhagen, Denmark Örnsköldsvik, Sweden Fredericia, Denmark Fredericia, Denmark Kalundborg, Denmark Pomacle, France Münich, Germany 10 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up 2006 100 t/yr Pilot Operational, start-up t 2004 4500 t/yr 50,000 t/yr Demo Demo 120,000 000 t/yr Comm. 110 t/yr 1100 t/yr 4,500 t/yr Pilot Pilot Demo g,, /y g 140 t/yr 2840 t/yr Pilot Demo 2 t/yr Pilot Planned, start-up 2011 Planned, start-up 2014 Planned, start-up 2016 Operational, start-up 2003 Operational, start-up 2004 Inauguration 2009 Under construction, start up 2010 Planned Operational, start-up 2009 3rd March, 2011 26
OUTLINE CURRENT BIOFUELS PRODUCTION NEW OBJECTIVES FOR 2020 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS CIEMAT S ACTIVITIES ON CELLULOSIC ETHANOL 3rd March, 2011 27
OBJECTIVE LIQUID BIOFUELS UNIT To develop processes and technologies for converting lignocellulosic materials into ethanol in an efficient and cost- effective manner to facilitate the adoption of these processes by industry Annual average budget: 1M Personnel: 10 permanent senior researchers, 7 technicians and PhD students, 3rd March, 2011 28
PROCESS CHART Lignocellulosic os c biomass Cellulase complex Fermenting microorganism Pretreatment Enzymatic hydrolysis Fermentation Product recovery Xl Xylose Fermentation ti ETHANOL Heat and electricity production 3rd March, 2011 29
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 1. FEEDSTOCK PRETREATMENT To reduce the cost of the pretreatment while maintaining efficiency To limit the consumption of chemicals, energy and water and reduce the production of wastes To minimize sugar degradation and the formation of inhibitor compounds Steam explosion pretreatment pilot plant at CIEMAT 3rd March, 2011 30
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 2. ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS To find the way of reducing enzyme loading without loss of yield. To increase the enzymatic cocktail efficiency (better balance of different enzymatic activities) To develop high consistency enzymatic hydrolysis to achieve high sugars concentration 3rd March, 2011 31
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 2. ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS To find the way for reducing enzyme loading without loss of performance To increase enzymatic cocktail efficiency (better balance of different enzymatic activities) To develop high consistency enzymatic hydrolysis to achieve high sugars concentration TO MAXIMIZE THE CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE TO SUGAR 3rd March, 2011 32
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 3. SUGARS FERMENTATION Development of processes and microorganisms to co-ferment simultaneously hexoses and pentoses Development of yeast strains resistant t to toxic compounds and capable to tolerate high ethanol concentration 3rd March, 2011 33
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 3. SUGARS FERMENTATION Development of processes and microorganisms to co-ferment simultaneously l hexoses and pentoses Development of yeast strains resistant to toxic compounds, and high ethanol concentration IMPROVING FERMENTATION YIELD AND INCREASING FINAL ETHANOL CONCENTRATION 3rd March, 2011 34
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE 4. PROCESS INTEGRATION SHF SSF SSCF CBP Cellulases Cellulose hydrolysis Hexoses Fermentation Pentose Fermentation Level of integration SHF: Separate Hydrolysis and fermentation; SSF: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSFC: Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing 3rd March, 2011 35
CAPABILITIES Biomass characterization: Chemical composition of raw biomass feedstocks and the solid, liquid, and slurry samples produced during conversion Real time analysis. NIR Biochemical conversion: Pretreatment: Hydrothermal Physico-chemical Enzymatic hydrolysis WIS Slurry High consistency Fermentation Separate Simultaneous 3rd March, 2011 36
FACILITIES Parr reactors (0.5-5L) Steam explosion pilot plant (2-10L) Twin screw Extruder Stirred tank for low solids enzymatic hydrolysis High solids enzymatic hydrolysis reactors High-efficiency, solid-liquid separator with washing capability A range of spectrometers (infrared, visible, and ultraviolet), automated extraction units, and high- performance liquid chromatographs equipped with a variety of columns and detector t systems 3rd March, 2011 37
CONCLUDING REMARKS Ethanol from lignocellulose is close to commercialization Technological advances to reduce the production costs of ethanol are still needed. Basic and applied research, technological development and demonstration projects must be carried out in a coordinated way. 3rd March, 2011 38
Thank you for your attention m.ballesteros@ciemat.es 3rd March, 2011 39