World Energy Outlook 2012 Dr. Fatih BIROL IEA Chief Economist Den Haag, 15 November 2012
The context Foundations of global energy system shifting Resurgence in oil & gas production in some countries Retreat from nuclear in some others Signs of increasing policy focus on energy efficiency All-time high oil prices acting as brake on global economy Divergence in natural gas prices affecting Europe (with prices 5-times US levels) and Asia (8-times) Symptoms of an unsustainable energy system persist Fossil fuel subsidies up almost 30% to $523 billion in 2011, led by MENA CO 2 emissions at record high, while renewables industry under strain Despite new international efforts, 1.3 billion people still lack electricity Water increasingly crucial for assessing the viability of energy projects
Emerging economies steer energy markets Share of global energy demand 100% 80% 60% 40% 6 030 Mtoe 12 380 Mtoe 16 730 Mtoe Non-OECD Rest of non-oecd Middle East India China OECD 20% 1975 2010 2035 Global energy demand rises by over one-third in the period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in China, India & the Middle East
A United States oil & gas transformation US oil and gas production mboe/d 25 20 15 Unconventional gas 10 5 Conventional gas Unconventional oil Conventional oil 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 The surge in unconventional oil & gas production has implications well beyond the United States
Middle East oil to Asia: a new silk road Middle East oil export by destination mb/d 7 2000 6 5 2011 2035 4 3 2 1 China India Japan & Korea Europe United States By 2035, almost 90% of Middle Eastern oil exports go to Asia; North America s emergence as a net exporter accelerates the eastward shift in trade
Iraq oil poised for a major expansion Iraq oil production Iraq oil exports mb/d 9 8 North Centre mb/d 9 8 Other Asia 7 South 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2012 2020 2035 2012 2020 2035 Iraq accounts for 45% of the growth in global production to 2035; by the 2030s it becomes the second-largest global oil exporter, overtaking Russia
Natural gas: towards a globalised market Major global gas trade flows, 2010 2035 Rising supplies of unconventional gas & LNG help to diversify trade flows, putting pressure on conventional gas suppliers & oil-linked pricing mechanisms
Different trends in oil & gas import dependency Net oil & gas import dependency in selected countries Gas Imports 100% 80% 60% European Union Japan 2010 2035 40% 20% 0% China United States India Gas Exports 20% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Oil imports While dependence on imported oil & gas rises in many countries, the United States swims against the tide
A power shift to emerging economies Change in power generation, 2010-2035 Coal Gas Nuclear Renewables China India United States European Union Japan -1 000 0 1 000 TWh 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 TWh The need for electricity in emerging economies drives a 70% increase in worldwide demand, with renewables accounting for half of new global capacity
The multiple benefits of renewables come at a cost Global renewable energy subsidies of $4.8 trillion, 2011-2035 Biofuels $1.2 trillion Committed to existing projects $1.0 trillion Required to meet targets 2012-2020 $1.6 trillion Electricity $3.6 trillion Renewable subsidies were $88 billion in 2011; over half the subsidies required to 2035 has been committed to existing projects or is needed to meet 2020 targets
Wide variations in the price of power cents/kwh 25 Average household electricity prices, 2035 20 15 10 5 2011 OECD average 2011 Non-OECD average China United States European Union Japan Electricity prices are set to increase with the highest prices persisting in the European Union & Japan, well above those in China & the United States
Energy efficiency: a huge opportunity going unrealised Energy efficiency potential used by sector in the New Policies Scenario 100% 80% 60% Unrealised energy efficiency potential Realised energy efficiency potential 40% 20% Industry Transport Power generation Buildings Two-thirds of the economic potential to improve energy efficiency remains untapped in the period to 2035
The Efficient World Scenario: a blueprint for an efficient world Total primary energy demand Mtoe 18 000 17 000 16 000 15 000 14 000 13 000 New Policies Scenario Efficient World Scenario Reduction in 2035 Coal 1 350 Mtce Oil 12.7 mb/d Gas 680 bcm Others 250 Mtoe Economically viable efficiency measures can halve energy demand growth to 2035; oil prices are $15 per barrel lower by 2035 due to oil demand savings 12 000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Energy efficiency can help drive economic prosperity GDP in Efficient World Scenario versus New Policies Scenario, 2035 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0% Japan & Korea OECD Europe United States China India Cumulative investments in energy efficiency of $12 trillion are more than offset by fuel savings & trigger economic growth of a cumulative $18 trillion
The Efficient World Scenario delays carbon lock-in Gt 35 2017 2022 30 25 20 15 Other Transport Industry 2 C trajectory Lock-in of infrastructure in New Efficient Room Policies to World manoeuvre Scenario in 2017 2022 10 5 Power generation Lock-in of existing infrastructure 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Energy efficiency can delay lock-in of CO 2 emissions permitted under a 2 C trajectory which is set to happen in 2017 until 2022, buying five extra years
Foundations of energy system shifting Policy makers face critical choices in reconciling energy, environmental & economic objectives Changing outlook for energy production & use may redefine global economic & geopolitical balances Iraq set to play a pivotal role in global oil markets As climate change slips off policy radar, the lock-in point moves closer & the costs of inaction rise The gains promised by energy efficiency are within reach & are essential to underpin a more secure & sustainable energy system