Tropical Tuber Crops An Alternative For Food, Nutrition & Livelihood Improvement Archana Mukherjee ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Regional Centre Bhubaneswar-751019, Odisha, India E-mail: archanapsm2@rediffmail.com
SUPER CYCLONE October, 1999, TSUNAMI December 2004 PHAILIN October, 2013 Environmental challenges- issues India, having more than 6000 km of coastline and many islands, is highly vulnerable to climate change Rural India including coastal belt - home of 833.10 million in 6,40,867 villages Food-insecure vast coastal wet lands in India and other countries are prone to frequent cyclones and floods (IPCC) Shrinking of available arable land and land fragmentation reducing the per capita land availability Population, poverty and pollution are the haunting issues Compounding to wide spread poverty, malnutrition & high infant mortality rate In Odisha state, India, importance of tuber crops revalidated during post super cyclone period as life support crop when all other crops failed to grow
Challenges Global Hunger Index (GHI) in India and in its major neighboring countries from 1992 to 2016 Country 1992 2000 2008 2016 India 46.4 38.2 36 28.5 Bangladesh 52.4 38.5 32.4 27.1 China 26.4 15.9 11.5 7.7 Pakistan 43.4 37.8 35.1 33.4 Source: ghi.ifpri.org 2016
Climate resilient crops are the demand of the day (The tropical tuber crops can play significant role) Cassava 386 calories/ 100 g Sweet potato 377 Calories/100 g Why TUBER CROPS?
Taro 361 calories /100 g Yams 370 calories/100 g Elephant Foot Yam 371 calories/100 g
Comparative proximate composition of tuber crops to combat hidden hunger Tuber crops Grams per 100 g on dry weight basis Protein Fat Minerals Fibre Carbohydrates Calories Potato 7.3 0.4 2.4 1.6 89.0 382 Sweet potato 3.8 0.9 3.1 2.5 88.5 377 Cassava 1.7 4.9 2.5 1.5 84.9 386 Yam 4.7 0.3 5.3 3.3 86.6 370 Taro 11.6 0.4 6.3 3.7 78.5 361 Elephant foot yam 5.6 0.5 3.8 3.8 86.3 371 Rice 7.8 0.8 0.7 0.2 89.9 397 Wheat 13.5 1.7 1.7 1.4 81.2 393
Concentrations of -carotene, Vitamin C and Vitamin E in sweet potato tubers and other vegetables (Per 100 g fresh. wt.) Vegetable -carotene (mg) Vitamin C (mg) Vitamin E (mg) Sweet potato 1.8-16 23 4.56 Carrots 4-11 6 0.56 Tomatoes 0.64 17 1.22 Tuber crops are hidden treasure and hence needs a proper direction as source for food, nutrition and livelihood.
Tropical tubers : source of food, nutrition, feed and allied-industries The conservation of biodiversity of tuber crops is most important in the context of food insecurity, climate change and organic farming Tubers of all these crops are also rich in calorie, vitamins and minerals a good source of dietary supplement Leaves rich in protein, vitamins and minerals are used as fodder Super cyclone in 1999, Tsunami 2004 (tuber crops as life support sp.) and staple in fragile ecosystems ICAR-CTCRI, Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) with its Regional Centre in Bhubaneswar (Odisha) working on improving tuber crops technologies and its dissemination across the country
RF :1790 mm Temp: min max 15 38 Soil: Hilly, Red Soil Tuber crops grown across the country Potato Belt (Temperate) RF : 1750 mm Temp : Min Max 8 30 Soil: Sandy, Clay loam RF : 3560 mm Temp: min max 12 37 Soil : Laterite RF : 3000 mm Temp: min max 19 34 Soil : Laterite RF : 1450 mm Temp: Min Max 8 38 Soil :Sandy loam Silty RF : 1050 mm clay, Alluvial Temp: min max 10 40 Soil : Sandy loam RF : 947 mm Temp: min max 17 37 Soil : Red loam Cassava Sweet potato Aroids Yams Wide adaptive to different agro climatic conditions
Road Map Gene pool enrichment (Collection, conservation of diverse genetic resources) Genetic improvement Early maturity High starch, dry matter, high carotene, dietary fibres, protein High response to low K, P Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses Evaluation for valued traits (Improved varieties) Implementation Action mode: participatory/outreach Knowledge diffusion, motivation, household food-nutrition and sustainable livelihood Linkages with public, private and policy Institutions
Improved tuber crops technologies High starch, β- carotene, anthocyanin rich sweet potato ST-10 Dry matter (%) : 29.7-32.4 Total Starch (%) : 22.9-28.1 Cooking quality : Excellent soft & mealy Average Yield : 23 t ha -1 Tolerate mid season drought Dry matter (%) : 27.4-32.5 Total Starch (%) : 20.8-23.9 Cooking quality : Fair Average Yield : 18 t ha -1 Anthocyanin ST-13 : 90mg/100g Tolerate salt stress (6-8 dsm -1 ) ST-14 Dry matter (%) : 27-29 Total Starch (%) : 21.4-23.8 Cooking quality : Good & mealy Average Yield : 19.8 t ha -1 Beta carotene :14mg/100g Sweet potato leaves & vine tops are also nutritionally rich Sweet potato leaves are one of the richest sources of anthocyanin (15 types) Contain higher level of Lutein (0.38-0.58 mg/g fwb ) more than spinach, broccoli, lettuce etc. the major pigment of human retina
Sweet potato rich in nutrients Tubers rich in starch, β- carotene & anthocyanin Leaves richest in anthocyanin & Lutein
Biotic and abiotic stress tolerant taro Developed taro varieties (Muktakeshi, Jhankri & Sonajuli) tolerant to both biotic (blight) and abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) Yield : 15-20 t/ha Dry matter (%) : 23 Starch (%) : 17.8 Total sugar (%) : 2.0 Cooking quality : Excellent Muktakeshi Jhankri Yield : 15-20 t/ha Dry matter (%) : 23.5 to 24.6 Starch (%) : 12.3-14.2 Total sugar (%) : 1.3 1.7 Cooking quality : Good Sonajuli Yield : 15-20 t/ha Dry matter (%) : 23.0 to 24.8 Starch (%) : 156-17.3 Total sugar (%) : 1.2 1.5 Cooking quality : Good Taro tubers good source of Zn & Fe 100g of taro fresh leaves can supplement 4825 IU or 161% of RDA of Vit. A 100g tubers provide 11% daily requirement of dietary fibre Purple and orange flesh provides additional antioxidants
Taro leaves as leafy vegetables Taro leaves can provide 161 % RDA of Vit. A
Greater yams rich in estrogenic compounds Yam bean Greater Yam Greater Yam 8 9 Hybrid Average yield 35-40 t/ha, Matures within 4-5 months Suitable as dietary food, eaten as raw. Yield : 20-25 t ha -1 Dry matter (%) : 28.3 Starch (%) :20.1 Total sugar (%) : 3.8 Cooking quality: Excellent Yield : 20-25 t ha -1 Maturity : 6-7 months Dry matter (%) : 32-33 Starch (%) :20-22.5 Total sugar (%) : 1-1.5 Cooking quality : Excellent Greater yams rich in antioxidants (phenolics, anthocyanin, flavonoids & vitamins) Rich in estrogenic compounds Antihypertensive, bone protective, immune-stimulatory
Improved cassava Sree Jaya, Sree Vijaya Early maturing varieties (6-7 months) A rotation crop in low land, Excellent cooking quality, Yield 25-28 t ha -1 Cassava tubers are rich sources of ascorbic acid and B-vitamins Cultivars with yellow flesh colour contain good levels of β-carotene Calcium and phosphorous are the important minerals present in the tubers
Elephant foot yam contain Omega-3 fatty acid cv. Gajendra cv. Gajendra Maturity (8-9 months) Remunerative intercrop Yield: 35-45 t/ha Non acrid Good cooking quality Elephant foot yam rich in natural antioxidants Rich in Zn (2-2.3mg /100g) against RD intake of 0.15mg (WHO, 2001) Zn essential for synthesis and catabolism, also for immunity It also contain omega-3 fatty acid High in Vit. B 6, A, C
Ascent to sustainable livelihood security Outreach programme Local - (KVKs, SAUs, SHGs, NGOs, Line depts.) National (AICRP, DUS, TSP, NEH & Institutional) International - (INEA), LANSA National Tuber Crops food Fest
Outreach & Technology transfer: North eastern India (Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura) SWEET POTATO CASSAVA AROIDS YAMS Average abiotic Conditions RF : 1750 mm Temp : Min Max 8 30 Soil: Sandy, Clay loam Tribal %- 86.5 (NL) + 86.1 (ML) + 35.1 (MN) + 31.8 (TR) Tehsils/ Sub-distt.- 93 (NL) + 39 (ML) + 38 (MN) + 38 (TR) Rainy, tropical climate with poor agro-economic conditions Fringe farming, shifting cultivation with minimal use of technology Aroids are popular, but not as cash crop ICAR-CTCRI intervention Distributed high yielding,climate resilient & fortified varieties of cassava, EFY, Taro and sweet potato Pre & post harvest technologies imparted through training Post harvest tools - cassava slicer, chipping machine, grater are distributed Around 986farm families directly benefitted
Training and technology transfer to farmers in North Eastern Hill regions, India Value addition to cassava and taro for food and feed
Outreach & Technology transfer : Odisha, India Av. Abiotic conditions RF : 1450 mm Temp: Min Max 8 38 Soil :Sandy loam Silty clay, Alluvial Tribal %- 22.8 Tehsils/ Sub-distt.- 277 SWEET POTATO CASSAVA AROIDS YAMS Fragile agro-climatic conditions, poor food & nutritional status in tribal districts ICAR-CTCRI intervention Distributed high yielding, stress tolerant lines of EFY, Taro, yam, cassava and sweet potato Imparted pre-harvest techniques & post-harvest utilizations 655 farmers families benefitted directly over three years Horizontal dissemination has further benefitted other neighboring villages
Ascent to food and nutrition security Training and participatory nutri- farming in Malkangiri, Odisha
Tuber Crop Based Farming System Model I (0.4 ha) at Badagaon, Koraput, Odisha Sl. No. Crop/animal Area (ha) Yield (kg) Rice equivalent yield (kg) Gross Income (Rs) Expenditure (Rs) Net income (Rs) 1 Rice 0.20 564 564 11280 5600 5680 2 Greater yam + 0.05 304 + 346 6920 2280 4640 Maize 56 3 Ragi 0.02 26 26 520 180 340 4 Redgram 0.02 13 32.5 650 180 470 5 Sweet potato 0.04 360 180 3600 1100 2500 6 Yam bean 0.03 370 277.5 5550 1300 4250 7 Colocasia 0.02 266 266 5320 1300 4020 8 Elephant foot yam 0.008 96 96 1920 550 1370 9 Cassava 0.002 18 9 180 100 80 10 Amaranthus, Bhendi, bitter & ridge gourd etc. 0.01 168 168 3360 1500 1860 Total 0.4 2241 1965 39300 14090 25210 Check/Control Sl. Crop/animal Area Yield Gross Expenditure Net income No. (ha) (kg) Income (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) 1 Rice 0.4 1010 20200 11000 9200
Tuber Crops Based Farming Enhanced Employment Nov, 7 Dec, 5 Jan, 3 Feb, 3 Mar, 2 Apr, 0 May, 5, 0, 0, 0,, 0, 00 November, 7 June, 3 July, 13 Oct, 12 Jun, 7 October, 16 Jul, 14 Sep, 22 September, 25 August, 24 Aug, 20 Employment generation: 100 man-days Farming system involving tuber crops (0.4 ha) Employment generation: 88 man-days Rice cultivation (0.4 ha)
Interactions on sweet potato variety ST-14, its products, during tuber crops based livelihood improvement training programme Dry matter (%) : 27-29 Extractable Starch (%) : 18.8-19.7 Total sugar (%) : 2-2.4 carotene content (mg/100 g) : 11.5-13.5 Cooking quality : Good and mealy Average Yield : 19.8 tha -1 Breeding method : Open pollination clonal selection Specific areas of its adoption : All over Odisha ST-14 Can tolerate salinity stress (6-8.0 dsm -1 ) Suitable for nutritious food processing industries
Samir Rout, Dhenkanal Odisha Sweet potato farmer received award
Taro based nutrie farming in Puri, Kandhamal (Odisha) Field visit Gumagada Puri Puri Field visit Kuinpada
Pickle Made From EFY (Adopted by women SHGs)
Outreach & Technology transfer : Chhattisgarh- Jharkhand, India Av. Abiotic Conditions RF : 1450 mm Temp: Min Max 8 38 Soil :Sandy loam Silty clay, Alluvial SWEET POTATO CASSAVA AROIDS YAMS Peninsular region, adverse agro-climatic & socio-economic conditions Unstable food & nutritional status in tribal districts ICAR-CTCRI intervention Distributed fortifying, stress tolerant lines of EFY, Taro, yam, cassava and sweet potato Imparted pre-harvest techniques & post-harvest utilizations Post harvest tools were distributed 585 farm families benefitted directly Tribal %- 30.6 (CH) + 22.8 (JH) Tehsils/ Sub-distt.- 89 (CH) + 210 (JH)
Outreach & technology transfer : Tamil Nadu Kerala, INDIA SWEET POTATO CASSAVA AROIDS YAMS Excellent agro-climatic & socio-economic conditions, urban areas with technology driven agriculture ICAR-CTCRI intervention Distributed fortifying, stress tolerant aroids, cassava and sweet potato lines Continuously updating improved technology to farmers Post harvest utilizations like sago, cassava wafers, fries, sweet potato delicacies Post harvest tools like starch extractor, wafer cutter, rasper, feed granulator distributed 485 farm families benefitted directly
Crop Diversification in PAU Ludhiana Training and farming for β-carotene rich sweet potato PAU, Ludhiana
Tuber crops for wellness and commercial prospects gaining visibility in non-traditional areas Tuber crop based starch factories and food processing units are steadily gaining popularity in urban areas of following states in India. Cassava and EFY in Andhra Pradesh, Yams, Sweet potato in Maharashtra Sweet potato, Taro and EFY in UP, WB and Bihar, Sweet potato, taro and yam in Karnataka, Sweet potato and yam in Goa Developing therapeutic & prophylactic applications from tuber crops for wellness, Inclusion of tuber crops extruded products in mid-day meal scheme Developing pre and post-harvest mechanization to reduce costing
Sweet Potato based nutrie farming at Wardha, Maharashtra Field demonstration in Gond village Field demonstration in Heti village Field demonstration in Saheli village Training to farmers about value addition
International Network for Edible Aroids (INEA)
(INEA), taro for adapting climatic & commercial changes Participatory Breeding Trials at different villages of Odisha
Farmers- Researchers Participatory breeding &evaluation for quality taro to satisfy consumer demands x Exotic dasheen Flower Flower Eddoe Fruits Seed Berry Seed germination Evaluation Hardening 100g taro tubers provide 11% daily requirement of dietary fiber, good source of Zn, Fe & purple, orange flesh provides antioxidants
Neglected Taro high value crop through INEA (True seed shipment) Adapted well in all participating nations and all can have access From: Edmond Bammite bdamigou@gmail.com To: EdibleAroids@yahoogroups.com I'm also interested by Taro true seeds. Country- Togo, West Africa From: muhumuzajb@yahoo.com To: EdibleAroids@yahoogroups.com Mine germinated very well Country- Mbarara,Uganda, East Africa From: To: Leke Nkeabeng lekwat@yahoo.com EdibleAroids@yahoogroups.com I also confirm haven received a tube of true taro seeds. Thanks to all that made it happened Country Nigeria From: Grahame Jackson gjackson@zip.com.au To: ediblearoids@yahoogroups.com Many thanks to those few (Birte/Jeffrey, Archana, Willem, Joe) who have sent reports/articles so far Country - Australia www.ediblearoids.org
Nutrie farm (National, International) LANSA, FSN discussion, Interactions and collaborative activities with Prof. Swaminathan for Malnutrition free India at Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Key characters of taro and sweet potato: Way forward to farmers right & commercial feasibility Taro Position of leaf Petiole basal ring colour Cup shaped Erect-apex down Leaf lobe no. White Green Pink Purple Sweet potato Absent 3lobes 5lobes 7lobes Orange White Purple
Tuber crops for combating malnutrition and ensuring food availability in the Zero district Nabarangpur, Odisha Target Sites: Training imparted & Tuber Crops material distributed In villages of Blocks - Raighar, Umerkote, Jharigaon
Joint Venture By ICAR-CIWA & ICAR-CTCRI, RC Against Malnutrition The project aims to address malnutrition problem with Vitamin A rich orange fleshed sweet potato varieties along with pulses To make food available in the tribal households during January to June
Intervention in Nabrangpur (Zero District) in Odisha against malnutrition and food insecurity
ROAD MAP TO DRIVE ZERO HUNGER ICAR-Institutions, Govts. National, International Institutions, Non. Govt. Organizations, SAUs, CAUs etc Empowerment of weaker section Capacity building Weaker sections friendly integrated multidisciplinary system research, training, extension, policy advocacy, literacy Strengthening infrastructure, linkages Implementation Action mode: participatory/outreach Access to Agro tech. & resources Reduce vulnerability Quantified deliverables Production, processing, value addition, bridging nutrition gap, core competence Knowledge diffusion, motivation, household food-nutrition and sustainable livelihood Market links, policy-advocacy, trade security Ground reality Miles to go.
Miles to go to achieve zero hunger, nutrition security & doubling farmers income Crucial role of Women Proper planning, Political will and support and public awareness Resolve sensitive issues 3A Asian enigma
Scientific mission to improve the effectiveness of women empowerment necessitates Institutions for Gender friendly Holistic- Agro Mission to tap the untapped potential of women. Empowered women with its National status will lead the gender in Agriculture across the globe for the benefit of Humankind The drive is on with climate resilient nutrient rich tropical tuber crops, IWSA & so on Thanks