Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Combined Biogas and Bioethanol Production in Organic Farming Schmidt, Jens Ejbye; Thomsen, Anne Belinda; Bangsø Nielsen, Henrik; Østergård, Hanne; Kádár, Zsófia; Oleskowicz-Popiel, Piotr; Markussen, Mads Ville Publication date: 2009 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Schmidt, J. E., Thomsen, A. B., Bangsø Nielsen, H., Østergård, H., Kádár, Z., Oleskowicz-Popiel, P., & Markussen, M. V. (2009). Combined Biogas and Bioethanol Production in Organic Farming [Sound/Visual production (digital)]. Risø International Energy Conference 2009, Roskilde, Denmark, 14/09/2009 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Combined Biogas and Bioethanol Production in Organic Farming Jens Ejbye Schmidt Act. Head of program NRG - Biosystems Division Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Technical University of Denmark Anne Belinda Thomsen Henrik Bangsø Nielsen Hanne Østergård Zsófia Kádár Piotr Oleskowics-Popiel Mads Markussen
Introduction - BioConcens http://www.bioconcens.elr.dk/uk/
Production of bioenergy and animal feed Aim: Convert animal manure, energy crops and agricultural residuals and agro-industrial by-products to biogas, bioethanol and fodder protein Hypothesis: It is possible to use the organic residuals in organic agricultural (OA) for energy production without diminish the necessary amount of carbon and nutrients that should be recycled to the soil in OA.
Tested biomasses - Clover grass (fresh and silage) - Maize straw (fresh and silage) - Grass from meadows - Rye straw - Vetch straw - Whey - Cattle manure
Experimental setup - Biogas Batch fermentations trials: - each biomass was fermented in triplicate in different concentrations (from 0.5% to 3.3%) Feeding inlet 55 ºC Sampling Gas bag Reactor experiments 50 o C and HRT of 19 days Manure and agricultural residuals
Results biogas potentials Methane production from fresh rye (FR), fresh clover (FC) and two types of whey (W) Methane production from dry vetch (DV) and dry rye (DR) at different substrate concentrations: samples 1-3, 4-6 and 7-9 in concentrations 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 gvs/100g, respectively.
Methane potentials of clover grass and clover grass silage Field Harvested Field 24-12 Silage time days 24-5 10-10-08 08 Control 0 24-7 10-10-08 1 7 24-9 10-10-08 08 2 19 24-12 30-10-07 24-12 16-05-08 3 34 24-12 14-08-08 4 69 24-12 10-08-0808 08 5 130
Clover grass. Methane potentials ti batch experiments Field 24 12. Annual methane yield variability. 500 30 10 2007 gvs) methane yield (ml/g 400 300 200 100 16 05 2008 14 08 2008 10 10 2008 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 time (days) Field methane yield variability. Harvest 10 10 08. gvs) methane yield (ml/g 500 400 300 200 100 Field 24 5 Field 24 7 Field 24 9 Field 24 12 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time (days)
Clover grass silage. Methane potentials ti batch experiments Clovergrass silage. Specific methane potentials. yield (ml/gvs) methane y 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time (days) Kontrol day 7 day 19 day 34 day 69 day 130 120,00 100,0 105,1 Clovergrass silage Mass balance based on total methane potential. 108,6 113,4 100,0 97,8 methane (m ml/g = m3/t) 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 time (days)
Reactor experiments 40 35 Only manure full loadingloading Total VS 5.4% Maize 18% of VS Clover grass 22% of VS Total VS: 6.45% Maize 26% of VS Clover grass 29% of VS Total VS: 7.04% Total VS: 7.63% C.grass 37% of VS 30 (m 3 /t feed) Biogas 25 20 15 R1 R2 R3 10 5 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 week R1: manure, R2: manure + maize, R3: manure + clovergrass
Methane yields Reactor yield Batch potential ml/g VS ml/g VS Manure 208 235 Std. dev. Maize 17.5% VS 327 427 26,0 Maize 25.8% VS 335 427 26,0 Maize 33.0% VS 380 427 26,0 Clover grass 22.4% of VS 294 406 9,9 Clover grass 28.9% of VS 328 406 9,9 Clover grass 36.8% of VS 367 406 9,9
Summery -Biogas
Results ethanol potential was expressed as an amount of glucose Composition of the raw materials
The sugars yield after enzymatic hydrolysis y
Ethanol production from treated/non-treated maize silage In order to check if it is necessary to pre-treat/sterilize/pasteurize t/ t / t i maize silage, SSF was performed with: - raw maize silage - maize silage pasteurized for 4 hours at 70 o C - hydro-thermo-treated for 10 minutes at 190 o C The experiments were carried out with two types C-6 fermenting microorganisms: i -Saccharomyces cerevisae at 32 o C and with thermotolerant yeast -and with thermotolerant yeast, Kluvyromyces marxianus, at 40 o C
Ethanol production o from treated/non-treated t maize silage Ethanol production from non-treated maize silage (M maize; E ensilaged; S S.cerevisae; K - K.marxianus; X non-treated; amylase+cellulase, only cellulase enzymes) Production of ethanol during SSF of maize silage pretreated at different conditions (M maize; E ensilaged; S S.cerevisae; K - K.marxianus; H hydrothermal treatment (190 o C, 10 min); P pasteurized (70 o C, 4h); X non-treated)
Summery- Bioethanol Crop Practical Practical methane Theoretical Theoretical methane yield [mlch4/gts] yield [kj/100gts] ethanol yield [getoh/100gts] ethanol yield [kj/100gts] Fresh maize (the whole crop) 407 ± 25 1619 ± 99 25.1 ± 0.5 744 ± 15 Maize silage (the whole crop) 426 ± 22 1694 ± 88 22.8 ± 0.5 678 ± 16 Fresh rye (the whole crop) 316 ± 40 1258 ± 160 12.3 ± 0.1 365 ± 4 Rye silage (the whole crop) 422 ± 9 1680 ± 36 12.3 ± 1.3 395 ± 40 Dried rye (the whole crop) 402 ± 31 1601 ± 122 28.3 ± 1.2 839 ± 36 Fresh clover (the whole crop) 375 ± ND 1493 ± ND 13.1 ± ND 390 ± ND Clover silage (the whole crop) 400 ± ND 1592 ± ND 11.1 ± 0.4 330 ± 1 Dried clover (the whole crop) 245 ± 12 977 ± 49 14.9 ± 0.1 442 ± 4 Dried vetch (the whole crop) 279 ± 13 1111 ± 50 17.1 ± 0.2 507 ± 5 Cattle manure 174 ± 6 51 ± 2 [kj/100ml] Whey 149 ± 12 ~2.4 g/100ml ~138.8 kj/100ml 625 ± 48 [kj/100ml] HHV CH4 =55.5 kj/g=39.8 kj/dm 3 HHV EtOH =29.7 kj/g
Combined biogas and fodder/bioethanol production Biomasses Processing Products Ethanol P-1 P1 /V-101 Stoich. Fermentation Protein feed/ fertilizer Biogas P-15 / AD-101 Anaerobic Digestion Fertilizer
Combined biogas, bioethanol and fodder production from rye grain, clover grass and whey
Bioethanol and biogas production 3,0 2,5 The final ethanol concentrations were 29 g/l for germinated grain and whey mixture and 22 g/l for germinated grain, whey and clover silage mixture, which corresponding to 61 and 56% of theoretical yield, respectively. Ethanol (g) 2,0 1,5 1,0 05 0,5 0,0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 Fermentation time (h) grain + whey grain+whey+clover silage SSF on germinated grain, clover silage and whey by in situ 6000 5000 / 100 g effluent ml CH4 / 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 6 13 18 26 31 34 48 Time (days) grain+whey grain+whey+clover silage Biogas production on the effluent from bioethanol fermentation.
Evaluation of combined biogas and protein/bioethanol production in SuperPro Designer 100 ha Water'' Water''' Yeast CO2' Water' Rye grains Fermentation Grain soaking Germination tray drying Gi Grinding Screw Conveying Whey hot air' Storage Pump Membrane EtOH (99.6%) Clover silage Maize silage Distillation Distillation. Water for recy Animal feed Silo Screw_Conveying Shredding Screw-Conveying Manure Biogas AD Storage. Pump. Post-treatment Digestate The energy demand for a Danish organic farm (100 ha) was estimated for 180 GJ (60000 kwh)
Specification - SuperPro Designer Roughly estimating: for production of ethanol: 16.2 ha of rye and 14 milking cows for production of biogas: 5.7 ha clover grass silage, 2.5 ha maize silage and 13 cows In the presented scenario, the production of on-farm energy, in order to increase self-sufficiency of 100 ha Danish organic farm, requires around: around 16 % of farm land for bioethanol around 8 % of farm land biogas Reactors specifications Description Volume Ethanol production Reactor working volume 1 276 L Reactor total volume 1 418 L Anaerobic Digestion Reactor working volume 30 429 L Reactor total volume 40 572 L
However. There is a question if it could be economical feasible to establish such a small onfarm bioenergy production facility or it rather would be better to build centralized biorefinery to join around 10 organic farms for the area of 1000 ha.
Material and energy flow in reference scenario 10 x 100 ha.
Input/output of energy products in all scenarios Definition of scenarios Food (Person year rations of food a ) Self- Prod suffici- d U d b Input/output evaluation (1000 ha -1 ) Liquid fuels (1000 l diesel equivalents) Electricity (TJ) Pct. of energy Milk producing Pro- Selfsuffici- Pro- Selfsuffici- Scenarios crops cows duced Used ency b ducedd Used ency b ducedd Used ency b 1 Reference 0% 74 3420 20 171 0 59 0 0 4,88 0 2 Oilseed rape 10% 69 3172 20 159 63 62 1,01 0 4,55 0 3 Biogas 10% 67 3080 22 140 0 66 0 4,07 5,03 0,81 4 Bioethanol 10% 67 3080 22 140 123 65 0 (1,9) c 0 4,59 0 5 20% energy crops 20% 62 2850 22 129 63 65 0,96 4,07 4,70 0,87 a Based on a daily intake of 2500 kcal per person b Degree of self-sufficiency. A value of 1.0 means that the system is self-sufficient. c All ethanol is exported because ethanol cannot substitute diesel as a fuel. The ethanol still contains 90% water. The thermal energy content of the ethanol correspond to 1.9 times the diesel used in the system measured in J.
Conclusions Anaerobic digestion as waste eater
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