URBAN WW MANAGEMENT COASTAL AREAS OF TURKEY Ahmet Baban Gulsen Avaz TUBITAK MAM ENVIRONMENT AND CLEANER PRODUCTION INSTITUTE
introduction Influences on water sources for Mediterranean basin; growing population, increasing tourism, rapid industrial developments, urbanization climate change impacts lead development of improved adopted strategies, Istanbul relays on surface water resources (increases impacts/risks of climate change) Foreseen impacts Regional temporary drought periods, Extreme events (rainfall causing floods, more noticeable recently),
water availability consumption (Turkey) Total: 112 km3/y renewable water resources (economic) water consumption Ministry of Environment and Urbanization- Environmental Status Report, 2011
OBJECTIVES Barcelona Protocol (1976) and Bucherest Convention (1992) Development of LBS NAP s, Hot spots (HS) and sensitive areas (SA) defined as priority areas in LBS SAP s, EU Directives - in this framework, Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation Determine WWTP technology for N and P, important input to eutrophication risk, Compliance local conditions and Urban WW Treatment Regulations, Alternatives of decentralized management for tourism, Reuse for irrigation/aquifer recharge in line with 2025 targets of SAP, Investment portfolio for domestic WWTPs HS and SA in LBS NAP Reidentification of HSs & SAs, Determination of assimilation capacities, limiting nutrients by monitoring and modelling, Development of sustainable urban WW investment plans
SCOPE
UWWT Definitions Sensitive Areas (a) Where they are found to be eutrophic or where they may become eutrophic in the near future if protective action is not taken, (b) Where they exceed or could exceed a specified concentration of nitrate - to protect water supply sources and/or the environment, (c) Where discharges affecting them are subject to more than secondary treatment to comply with the standards of other Directives.
Less Sensitive Areas In waters where it is considered there will be no adverse environmental effects from a lower standard of treatment than secondary treatment of sewage discharges, treatment to a minimum of primary treatment is permitted providing certain conditions in the Directive are met, A marine water body or area can be identified as a less sensitive area if the discharge of waste water does not adversely affect the environment as a result of morphology, hydrology or specific hydraulic conditions which exist in that area, Waters are reviewed every four years
Eutrophication: the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned; Hot Spot is an area, where point or diffuse sources adversely affect or may affect on humans and/or ecosystems and/or economy, the latter three being the main criteria in evaluation of hot spots.
UWWT treatment criteria
Population Equivalent <2.000 2.000-10.000 10.000-150.000 >150.000 Processes for WWTPs to be constructed WWTP processes Sludge Management Processes SA Grey A Less SA Thickening Dewatering Stabilization Constructed Wetlands Stabilization Ponds Septic Tanks Rotating Biological Contactors - MBR - - Primary T. Oxidation Ditchs - Conventional Activated S. - MBR - Gravity - Primary T. BNR AS (A 2 O) - - Conventional AS - Gravity - Drying Beds -Mechanical D. -Drying Beds -Lime -Composting -Thermal - -Lime -Composting -Thermal -Composting -Thermal - Extended AS - - -Santrifuge - -Mechanical D. - - Primary T Gravity -Composting Single Sludge N Removal (OD)** BNR AS (A 2 O, Bardenpho) - - - -Gravity -Santrifuge Anaerobic digester Ext. A. BNR - - - - Conventional A.S. Gravity Santrifuge Anaerobic - Extended Aeration A.S. - digester Single Sludge N - Removal (OD)** - - - ** If receiving water N limiting
Tertiary Treatment WWTPs Processes Sea outfall Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment
Investment Cost ( /cap) Investment Cost ( /cap) Investment Cost ( /cap) Cost Assessment 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 Primary Treatment Max. Cost y = 5251,5x -0,471 R² = 0,97 Min. Cost y = 2917,5x -0,471 R² = 0,97 180,00 160,00 140,00 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 Conventional Activated Sludge Max. Cost y = 734,11x -0,214 R² = 0,95 Min. Cost y = 6989,6x -0,499 R² = 0,98 0,00 0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 Population Eq. 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 BNR Max. Cost y = 1270x -0,268 R² = 0,96 Min. Cost y = 713,23x -0,252 R² = 0,96 0,00 0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 Population Eq. 0,00 0 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000 600.000 Population Eq.
Cost items Existing WWTPs Level advancement 1 2 2 3 1 3 Population Invest. /capita Operation /capita/y Invest. /capita Operation /cap/year Invest. /capita Operation /capita/y 10000-50000 23,3-42,0 3,4-6,2 11,7-21,0 1,0-1,8 31,1-56,0 3,3-5,9 50000-150000 13,3-24,0 2,5-4,5 8,9-16,0 0,7-1,3 22,2-40,0 3,6-6,4 >150000 11,7-21,0 1,8-3,2 8,3-15,0 1,0-1,8 20-36 2,4-4,4 Mediterranean Aegean Marmara Black Sea
Cost components for new WWTPs Secondary Tertiary Treatment Level Primary Activated Sludge Oxidation Ditch Extended Aeration BNR Extended Aeration BNR Populaion Eq. Inv. ( /cap) Opr. ( /cap/y) Inv. ( /cap) Opr. ( /cap/y) Inv. ( /cap) Opr. ( /cap/y) Inv. ( /cap) Opr. ( /cap/y) Inv. ( /cap) Opr. ( /cap/y) <2000 77-147 2-5 - - - - - - - - 2000-10000 42-139 1,5-4,0 71-153 4,5-13,0 58-125 5-9 - - - - 10000-50000 17-75 1,3-3,5 29-83 3,0-9,0 24-68 4-8 46-107 4,2 9,6 - - 50000-100000 11-30 1,1-3,0 23-57 2,6-5,5 19-47 3,5-7,0 37-70 3,6-8,2 - - 100000-150000 11-22 0,8-2,5 22-45 2-5 18-37 3-6 35-55 2,8-7,0 - - >150000 - - 30-65* 1-4 16-30 2,5-5,0 40-70* 1,5-5,0 23-45 2,2-6,0
Marmara Upgrading of Existing WWTPs and WWTPs to be Constructed
Mid and East Mediterranean - Upgrading of Existing WWTPs and WWTPs to be Constructed
West Mediterranean Aegean Upgrading of Existing WWTPs and WWTPs to be Constructed
Marmara upgarding and new constructed WWTP Investment Costs
Mid and East Mediterranean upgarding and new constructed WWTP Investment Costs
Results Investment costs for SA municipalities Cost ( ) Existing total 44 WWTP, 26 should be up-graded (60%) 1 2 Billion ( ) WWTP to be constructed 58 170 410 Million 44 WWTP (35%), in SAs, 26 of them should be upgraded, majority in Marmara (Bursa, Kocaeli, İstanbul, Yalova)
Conclusions The project is multi-disciplinary nature and end goal is macro scale investment plan covering whole Turkish coasts, For implementation cases considered as a framework for decision makers and relevant organizations, for practical applications detailed characterization including flow rate measurements and design needed, For Mediterranean and Aegean costs modular WWTP systems and reuse especially recommended due to tourism, water scarcity. SUDS are suggested for coastal municipalities for storm water management, flood mitigation and water scarcity.
THANKS TUBITAK-MRC Environment and Cleaner Production Institute 41470 GEBZE,KOCAELI Tel: +90-262-6772904 ahmet.baban@tubitak.gov.tr www.mam.gov.tr