CHAPTER 4 Valuation of Direct Use Value of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries

CHAPTER 4 Valuation of Direct Use Value of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries

85 The protection,conservation and sustained growth of the forests in Chhattisgarh state is the responsibility of the Forest Department which functions under the Principal Secretary (Forests). The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF),Chhattisgarh at Raipur is responsible for overall administration of the Department.The total forest area of Chhattisgarh is divided into 6 main zones for the sake of management and administration-raipur, Bilaspur,Durg, Sarguja, Kanker and Jagdalpur and each area is under a CCF ( Chief conservator of forest).the administration of forest divisions, sale of forest produce and realisation of revenue are the responsibilities of Divisional Forest Officers (DFO). Besides protection of forests, the Range Officers (RO) are responsible for carrying out the work of plantation,marking and felling of trees,transportation of timber and fuel wood from coupe to depots, etc.. The Forest Management and Information System (FMIS) division is the Information Technology wing of the department to assist in Forest Management and Planning and application of software development.the Forest Department generates revenue for the Government mainly through the sale of timber, Firewood, bamboo and sale of minor forest produce. Forest Produce is defined under section 2(4) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Its legal definition includes timber, charcoal,, catechu, wood-oil, resin, natural varnish, bark, lac, myrobalans, mahua flowers (whether found inside or brought from a forest or not), trees and leaves, flowers and fruit, plants (including grass, creepers, reeds and moss), wild animals, skins, tusks, horns, bones, cocoons, silk, honey, wax, other parts or produce of animals, and also peat, surface soil, rocks and minerals etc, when found inside or brought from a forest, among other things. The trade of produce of the forest

86 for which the government or its agent is solely authorized is called Nationalized Non Wood Forest Produce (NWFP). In Chhattisgarh this collection and sale of the NWFP is done by Chhattisgarh minor forest produce Federation (CGMFPFed) only.the forest produce is disposed through auction, invitation of tenders etc. Seeing the great economic importance of forest produce from 1964 the nationalized trade of forest produce started.state trade of harra, mahua fruits and mahua seeds started from 1969 and the state trade of timber started between 1970-74 and bamboo, salai, sal seeds and khair was also included in it.by the end of 1976 all the major forest produce trade was nationalized. Forest produce can be divided into several categories. From the point of view of usage, forest produce can be categorized into three types: Timber, Non Timber and Minor forest produce. Non timber Forest Products [NTFPs] are also known as Minor Forest Produce [MFP] or Non Wood Forest Produce [NWFP]. The NTFP can be further categorized into Medicinal and Aromatic Plants [MAP], oil seeds, fiber & floss, resins, edible plants, bamboo, reeds and grasses. According to another classification the produce obtained from forests can broadly be divided into 2 categories :- 1) Major forest produce and 2) Minor forest produce. MAJOR FOREST PRODUCE Timber production and fuel stacks are kept under this category.those tree species are included under this from which wood is obtained.under M.P forest produce act 1983 (the law which governs trade of forest produce in C.G ) 13 main species of wood like saal, sagon, sheesham, beeja etc come under it. Every year an average of about 161830 cubic meters of wood,

87 195041 cubic meters of fuel wood and 38168 notional ton of industrial bamboo is obtained from forests. MINOR FOREST PRODUCE Bamboo, tendupatta, imli, mahua, gum, harra, lakh,chironjee, khair,babool, anjan,saal seeds,saaja, chaal.,dhawda,charoata seeds,vantulsi mango seed, chind grass, nagarmotha, amlafruit, chaarguthli, kusum seeds,,baheda,dhawai flowers, bail etc come under this.the minor forest produce is collected by primary minor forest produce committees under the control of forest department and by the joint forest management committees and committees formed under the chief executive revenue department. The simplest and the easiest way to value the goods and services derived from forests is to look at the prices the goods or forest produce are sold for or the Sale value of the products.this method is adopted in our study for the valuation of Direct use value obtained from forests in the form of Bamboo, Timber,fuel wood, Tendu leaves, Harra, Gums,Medicinal plants etc. MAJOR FOREST PRODUCE Timber wood has an important place among the major forest produce. It contributes about forty percent of the total forest revenue. The production of wood in the six different Circles of Chhattisgarh is given in the Table that follows.

88 Table 4.1 The production of wood in different Circles in Chhattisgarh (2010-11) S.No Name of the Circle Timber (cubic mts ) Balli (cubic mts) Dengri (cubic mts) Fuel stacks (cubic mts ) Total prod. Of Timber (cubic mts ) 1 Raipur 49057 4720 455 31559 85791 2 Bilaspur 26083 3427 55 12522 42087 3 Durg 10710 237 14 7244 18206 4 Sarguja 22051 625 251 8504 31431 5 Kanker 17515 772 17 4606 22910 6 Jagdalpur 17659 13 0 4064 21735 Total 143075 9794 792 68499 222160 Source- Chhattisgarh Forest Department Annual report 2011-12 The above table shows that out of the Total production of Timber ( 222160 cubic mts) 85791 cubic mts was produced in Raipur zone,while 42087 cubic mts of production came from Bilaspur Division,18206 cubic mts from Durg, 31431 cubic mts from Sarguja,22910 cubic mts from Kanker and 21735 cubic mts from Jagdalpur divison.out of the total Production of construction wood (143075 cubic mts) Raipur Division produced the maximum (49057 cubic mts).out of the total production of Balli (391746 cubic mts), Raipur produced the major share while Jagdalpur produced the smallest

89 share.,raipur ranked first in the production of Dengri and also fuel stacks.this can be clearly understood from the figure given below:- Figure 4.1 Production of wood in different Circles in Chhattisgarh (2010-11) Production in cubic mts. 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Fuel stacks Dengri Balli Timber Circle Bamboo is an important NTFP which is one of the fastest growing plant species which occurs in wide variety of climatic and edaphic conditions.it is an extremely versatile and environmental friendly plant, which can be successfully harvested in a 3-5 years cycle. It grows on marginal or elevated lands and is not only an excellent soil stabilizer but is also known to be an excellent carbon sink, thus absorbing the greenhouse gases and contributing in climatic regulation. In Chhattisgarh bamboo occurs in almost all the

90 districts. Zonewise production of bamboo in Chhattisgarh is given in the following table:- S.NO Table 4.2 (a) Production of bamboo in 2010-11 NAME OF THE PRODUCTION OF BAMBOO CIRCLE (NO. IN TONS) INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL 1 RAIPUR 478.193 1816.192 2 BILASPUR 1768.553 719.183 3 DURG 8964.889 3727.077 4 SARGUJA 36.393 32.389 5 KANKER 5123.486 4391.878 6 JAGDALPUR 2348.246 1939.388 TOTAL 18719.760 12626.107 Source- Chhattisgarh Forest Department Annual report 2011-12 The above Table can be better understood by the Figure and the Tables that follow.

91 Figure 4.2 (a) Total Production of Bamboo( 2010-11 ) Production of bamboo (no. in tons) 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Circle BAMBOO (NO. IN TONS) INDUSTRIAL BAMBOO (NO. IN TONS) COMMERCIAL Percentwise the above Table can be seen as under:- Table 4.2 (b) Production of Bamboo in 2010-11 (% ) S.No Name of Circle Industrial Commercial production production 1 Raipur 2.6 14.4 2 Bilaspur 9.4 5.7 3 Durg 47.9 20.5 4 Sarguja 0. 2 0. 2 5 Kanker 27.4 34.8 6 Jagdalpur 12.5 15.4 Source : Computed Total 100 100

92 Figure 4.2 (b) Total Industrial Production of Bamboo in Percentage( 2010-11 ) Industrial production of bamboo (%) Raipur Bilaspur Durg Sarguja Kanker Jagdalpur Figure 4.2 (c) Total Commercial Production of Bamboo in Percentage ( 2010-11 ) Commercial production of Bamboo(%) Raipur Bilaspur Durg Sarguja Kanker Jagdalpur

93 The Table 4.2 (b) shows that in 2010-11, Durg zone produced the largest amount of Bamboo ( Industrial production ) 47.9 %while Kanker zone stood first in terms of commercial production (34,8%).Sarguja zone had the lowest production (0. 2%) both in terms of industrial and commercial production.these facts are illustrated by Figures 4.2(b) and 4.2 (c)given above. If we collectively view the total production of Timber,Bamboo and Fuel stacks for the year 2011-12 the picture is presented in the table as under :- Table 4.3 (a) Production of Timber & Bamboo for Year 2011-12 (During the Month of December 2011) No. Bamboo Production Timber Fuel Stacks Name of (in No.tons) Production Production Circle Commercial Industrial ( in cmt.) ( in Nos) 1 Raipur 920 400 33900 400 2 Bilaspur 255 920 9050 920 3 Durg 3175 5160 9100 5160 4 Surguja 0 0 13950 0 5 Kanker 1400 1550 9250 1550 6 Jagdalpur 110 250 21300 250 Total 5860 8280 96550 8280 Source- Chhattisgarh Forest Department Annual report 2011-12

94 The above table shows that the total production of Bamboo in 2011-2012 was 14140 notional tons (Commercial and Industrial production ) combined,total Timber production was 96550 cubic mts and Total production of Fuel stacks amounted to 8280 Nos.This can be seen in the Figure given below. Figure 4.3 Production of Timber & Bamboo for Year 2011-12 (December 2011) Production 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Circle Fuel stacks (In Nos ) Timber (in cubic mts ) Industrial production of Bamboo (in notional ton) Commercial production of Bamboo (in notional ton) The total production of Bamboo, Timber and Fuel stacks in terms of percentage can be seen as the table that follows.

95 Table 4.3 (b) Production of Timber & Bamboo for Year 2011-12 (%) S.no Name of Circle Commercial production of Bamboo Industrial production of Bamboo Timber ( in cubic mts ) Fuel stacks (In Nos ) (in notional ton) (in notional ton) 1 Raipur 15.7 4.9 35.1 4.9 2 Bilaspur 4.3 11.1 9.4 11.1 3 Durg 54.2 62.3 9.4 62.3 4 Sarguja 0 0 14.5 0 5 Kanker 23.9 18.7 9.6 18.7 6 Jagdalpur 1.9 3 22 3 Total 100 100 100 100 Source- Chhattisgarh Forest Department Annual report 2011-12 The above table shows that the production of Commercial Bamboo is lowest in jagdalpur(1.9%) while it is highest in Durg (54.2%).Durg agin has the highest production of Industrial Bamboo (62.3%) while jagdalpur has the lowest production (3%).Raipur ranks first in production of Timber (35.1%) while Bilapur comes last with 9.4 % of production..durg agin has the highest production of Fuel stacks (62.3%) while jagdalpur has the lowest production (3%).

96 MINOR FOREST PRODUCE The harvesting of Minor forest products i.e NTFPs remains widespread throughout the region. People from diverse income levels, age groups, and cultural backgrounds harvest NTFPs for day to day household subsistence, maintaining cultural and family traditions, obtaining spiritual fulfillment, maintaining physical and emotional well-being, scientific learning, and earning income.ntfps serve as raw materials for industries ranging from large-scale floral greens suppliers and pharmaceutical companies to microenterprises centered around basket-making, woodcarving, medicinal plant harvesting and processing, and a variety of other activities. Tendu Leaves Tendupatta of chhattisgarh is famous in whole India and accounts for 18 lakh standard Bags annually,which is 17 % of total production of India. Chhattisgarh produces the best quality of Tendu leaves (Diasporas Melonoxylon ) which is used for as cheap cigarettes known as Beedi.One standard bag comprises of 1000 bundles of 50 leaves each.the collection season of leaves streches from third week of April to last week of May.From 2004, the policy of advance auction started in Chhattisgarh, which has led to increased profits year after year. From the collection year 2008 profits earned by the Tendupatta trade were distributed in the ratio of 80% of profit given as wages to the collectors of tendu leaves (the local people), 15 % of profit for collection, sale, godowning and value addition of non nationalized minor forest produce and 5 % for the temporary reimbursement of losses to the society.

97 The collection of Tendupatta in the last 12 years is given below :- Table 4.4 Collection and Sale of Tendu leaves in the last 12 years Year Collected Quantity (Lakh Standard Bags) Sale Value (Rs. Crores) 2001 16.67 165.22 2002 19.58 198.71 2003 18.12 173.25 2004 18.86 148.50 2005 14.92 135.06 2006 14.72 140.02 2007 17.18 325.59 2008 13.79 197.61 2009 14.67 256.41 2010 15.45 335.30 2011 13.57 355.31 2012 17.15 646.90 e Minor Forest Produce Co-Operative Federation Ltd. Source : http://www.cgmfpfed.org/forestproduce1.htm ( Chhattisgarh state Minor Forest Produce Co operative Federation Ltd. ) Sale value of Tendu Leaves can be better understood by the Graph given that follows.

98 Figure 4.4 Sale value of Tendu leaves in the last 12 years 700 600 Sale Value (Rs. Crores) 500 400 300 200 100 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Years The collection of Tendupatta in different unions( collection units ) is given below in the Table :- Table 4.5 Collection and Sale of Tendu Leaves by different Distt. Unions - 2011 S.No Name of Distt. Union Collected Qty Sales value (in lakh Rs) Averag e Rate of Sale (Rs per standard bag) 1 Bijapur 42351.264 1424.00 3362/- 2 Sukma 80492.596 1892.80 2352/-

99 3 Dantewada 29451.140 675.17 2293 4 Jagdalpur 23109.910 477.65 2067/- 5 South Kondagaon 19570.170 429.49 2195/- 6 North Kondagaon 27086.366 608.60 2247/- 7 Narayanpur 21084.840 470.13 2230/- 8 East Bhanupratap 95485.280 2894.25 3031/- - pur 9 West Bhanupratap 75843.040 1790.21 2360/- - pur 10 Kanker 39394.235 1124.24 2854/- 11 Rajanandgaon 78449.099 2063.57 2630/- 12 Khairagarh 33028.015 758.14 2295/- 13 Durg 23440.190 618.43 2638/- 14 Kawardha 33196.440 782.08 2356/- 15 Dhamtari 23836.250 658.24 2762/- 16 Udanti 20340.215 594.00 2920/- 17 East Raipur 42769.135 1419.42 3319/- 18 Mahasamund 84378.620 2285.80 2709/- 19 Raipur 21258.325 567.59 2670/- 20 Bilaspur 20540.190 500.18 2435/- 21 Marwahi 22904.858 604.04 2637/- 22 Janjgir-Champa 6124.860 111.78 1825/-

100 23 Raigarh 56346.825 1438.08 2552/- 24 Dharamjaygarh 69458.530 2070.49 2981/- 25 Korba 48470.129 1461.66 3016/- 26 Katghora 61317.021 1853.20 3022/- 27 Jashpur Nagar 30506.920 716.79 2350/- 28 Manendragarh 28074.645 745.76 2656/- 29 Korea 23716.490 622.81 2626/- 30 South Sarguja 45596.305 1118.07 2452 31 East Sarguja 44947.518 936.98 2085/- 32 North Sarguja 83961.135 1817.38 2165/- Total 1356539.555 35531.03 2619/- Source : Chhattisgarh Forest Department Annual report (2011-12) From the above table it is clear that the collection and Sale value of Tendu leaves was the highest in East Bhanupratappur(2894.25 lakh Rs ), followed by Mahasamund Distt (2285.80 Lakh Rs ), while Janjgir-Champa Distt. Produced the lowest amount ( Sale value being 111.78 lakh Rs ) of Tendu leaves.

101 Figure 4.5 Sale value of Tendu Leaves collected by Distt. Unions - 2011 Name of Distt. Union North Sarguja East Sarguja South Sarguja Korea Manendragarh Jashpur Nagar Katghora Korba Dharamjaygarh Raigarh Janjgir-champa Marwahi Bilaspur Raipur Mahasamund East raipur Udanti Dhamtari Kawardha Durg Khairagarh Rajanandgaon Kanker West Bhanupratappur East Bhanupratappur Narayanpur North Kondagaon South Kondagaon Jagdalpur Dantewada Sukma Bijapur 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Sale Value in Lakh Rs.

102 For the auction of the collected Tendu leaves in year 2012, an estimate of about 16.40 lakh standard bags. 3 Tendors were invited for the sale of the leaves in 2012 and in the first 2 tendors the Tendu leaves was sold at an average rate of Rs 3793/-per standard bag and the total sales were of Rs 613.71, which is 44.83% more than the sale of last year. Sal seed Saal seed is obtained from a plant called Shorea robusta and it is quite rich in oil content (13-14 % ).This oil is used as a substitute for cocoa butter and is also used in confectionaries and many other edible items.after the extraction of oil, there is about 10-12 % of protein in it which is used as organic manure and food for the chicken.the collection season of Saal seed is from May 15 to July 15.The seed is collected by local people and advance auctioned.the purchaser has to deposit 20 % of the sale value as security deposit and can take the delivery of the seed only after payment of the full sale value including taxes.if the purchaser fails to take the delivery of the saal seed within the stipulated time, he has to pay supervision charges @ Rs.0.50 per qtl per day. The collection rate for Salseed is Rs. 500/- per quintal for the year 2012.The collection and sale of Saal seed for the last 12 years is given in the table that follows.

103 Table 4.6 Collection and sale of Sal seed for the last 12 years Year Collected quantity(lakh Quintals ) Sale Value (Rs. Crores ) 2001 4.77 19.60 2002 1.38 7.95 2003 8.55 21.80 2004 1.25 5.35 2005 9.24 30.56 2006 0.488 3.59 2007 6.06 59.09 2008 0.899 12.64* 2009 8.864 51.07 2010 1.34 6.76 2011 0.392 3.74** 2012 6.90 29.68*** * 42.35 qtls of season 2008 are balance for sale as on 31/1/13 **13.84 qtls of season 2011 are balance as on 31/1/13 ***2.04 lakh qtls of season 2012 are balance as on 31/1/13 Source :- http://www.cgmfpfed.org/forestproduce1.htm ( Chhattisgarh state Minor Forest Produce Co operative Federation Ltd.)

104 Figure 4.6 Sale value of Sal seed for the last 12 years 70 60 Sale Value (Rs. Crores) 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Years Harra Harra popularly known as Myrobolon is obtained from the species Terminalia Chebula,used extensively in tannin and pharmaceutical industries.the approximate potential for production of Harra is 60,000 qtl per year but actual production varies due to climatic factors.the security deposit (amount to be paid by the purchaser ) is 10% of the sale value according to the qty of the produce as specified in the tendor.the The collection rates for Harra is Rs. 800/- per qtl., for Kacharia Rs. 1600/- per qtl. & for Bal Harra Rs. 2800/- per qtl. for the year 2012-13.

105 The collection of Harra in the last 12 years is given in the table below. Table 4.7 Collection and Sale of Harra in the last 12 years Year Collected Quantity (Qtls.) Sale Value (Rs. Lakhs) Balance Quantity for Sale (In Qntls.) 2001-02 60634.45 150.74 --- 2002-03 85264.86 216.32 --- 2003-04 63085.63 167.50 --- 2004-05 60606.48 153.68 185.325 2005-06 44116.75 118.64 4.000 2006-07 59904.615 166.45 114.510 2007-08 42535.30 144.57 5.000 2008-09 49651.86 215.06 --- 2009-10 33159.55 137.44 5.00 2010-11 16343.76 98.04 --- 2011-12 71459.84 531.31 20712.72 2012-13 (Estimated ) 49050.00 16.63 30850.00 Source : http://www.cgmfpfed.org/forestproduce1.htm( Chhattisgarh state Minor Forest Produce Co operative Federation Ltd. )

106 Figure 4.7 Sale value of Harra in the last 12 years 600 Sale Value (Rs. Lakhs) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Years The advance auction of collected harra worth Rs 433.94 lakhs from 21 harra units out of 39 was dome in collection year 2011-12.The collection rate was 1000 Rs per quintal, 2000Rs for kacharia and Rs 3500 for baal harra. Gum Gums are primarily categorized as Grade-I and Grade-II gums. Kullu (Sterculia urens) gum which is used in edible items, chewing gum etc. is in Grade-I while gums from Dhawda (Anogeisus latifolia), Babool (Acacia indica) and Khair (Acacia catechu) are Grade-II gums. The collection of Kullu Gum is prohibited in Chhattisgarh except in Bastar, Kanker and Jagdalpur Districts of the State. The collection rate for Kullu Gum is Rs. 27000/- per Qtl. for grade I and for grade II Rs. 20250/- per qntl., for Dhawada Rs. 2900/- per per qntl. & for Khair and

107 Babool Rs. 1740/-per qtl. for the year 2012-13.The annual production of Gum varies too much from year to year. The collection and sale of Gums in past twelve years is given in the following table Table 4.8 Collection and sale of Kullu gum in last 12 years Year Quantity Collected (Qtls.) Sale Value (Rs. Lakhs) 2001-02 247.52 13.17 2002-03 494.60 24.99 2003-04 1058.60 54.68 2004-05 1283.07 85.06 2005-06 676.795 68.37 2006-07 435.84 65.43 2007-08 1076.596 151.53 2008-09 864.190 140.01 2009-10 1750.135 313.33 2010-11 389.68 105.34 2011-12 131.49 51.84 2012-13 Estimated 760.00 174.81 * * 200 quintals Kullu Gums (Estimated Quantity) of 2012-13 season are balance for sale as on 31.01.2013

108 Figure 4.8 Sale value of Kullu gum in last 12 years (Rs. Lakhs ) 350 Sale Value (Rs. lakhs) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Years Table 4.9 Collection and Sale of Dhawda/Khair/Babul Gums in last 12 years Year Quantity collected(qtls) Sale value (Rs. Lakhs) 2001-02 1196.12 16.11 2002-03 904.23 17.52 2003-04 403.53 8.02 2004-05 742.16 13.34 2005-06 145.00 2.75 2006-07 141.58 3.27 2007-08 306.00 5.90 2008-09 560.00 12.21 2009-10 619.25 19.49 2010-11 26.74 1.78 2011-12 84.50 3.43 2012-13 Estimated 955.00 19.00 ** ** 495 quintals Dhawda/Khair/Babul Gums (Estimated Quantity) of 2012-13 season are balance for sale as on 31.01.2013. Source : http://www.cgmfpfed.org/forestproduce1.htm

109 Figure 4.9 Sale value of Dhawda/Khair/Babul Gum in last 12 years 25 Sale Value (Rs. Lakhs) 20 15 10 5 0 Years For year 2012 A total of about 760 quintal Type 1 gum was collected from 5 units and advance auctioned at 260.54 lakhs.the collection rate for gum- first class was Rs 27000 per quintal and Rs 20000 per quintal for class 2 gum.gum derived from dhaawda, khair and babool from 5 out of 21 units was advance auctioned at Rs 14.79 lakhs.the auction of the rest quantity is in progress. Lac Chhattisgarh is also the Largest producer of Lac in India: 43.60% of Lac production of India in 2011 was produced in Chhattisgarh.According to I.I.N.R.G Ranchi,Total production of Lac in india in 2010-2011 was 2000 million Ton,market price being 60.00 crore at the rate of Rs 300 per Kg kg which is 22% of

110 country s production.many persons and Primary societies have been trained in lac cultivation. Two types of Lac are produced here- Kusum Lakh and Palash Lakh. MEDICINAL PLANTS Due to the extremely rich biodiversity of the state with a large amount of medicinal, aromatic and dye plants, the state of Chhattisgarh has been declared as the herbal capital of the country. One of the major herbal procurement centres in the state is the district of Raipur, which is also the capital of the state. Now in order to utilise the natural bounties upto the maximum, various projects are being undertaken by the government of Chhattisgarh. More than 600 varieties of medicinal and herbal plants are found in the state Tribals are being employed for manufacturing Chawanprash, tooth powder, medicines to cure diabetes, herbal tea, antibiotic powder, among other products,this also gives employment to the local people. Chhattisgarh Medicinal plant Board was established on 28.7.2004 for the preservation,protection and extraction without harming the medicinal plants.further it aimed at processing of the plants and coordination between different organisations related to marketing of the products.there is however a large variation in the price of these medicinal plants due to locational effects,purity or presence of adultrants, seasonality and scale of production, hence, there are large scale variations in prices of botanicals within and across the markets/mandis of the state. Any attempt to work out species-wise price list for medicinal plants in trade is not feasible as most of these species are traded as specific parts or products and not necessarily as whole plants. Different traded parts derived from even one species command different prices and averaging out such diverse prices is neither desirable nor indicative of any price trends. It is, therefore, not feasible to work out and assign specific price tags to the botanicals across the markets, for any specific

111 year. However,the list of Medicinal plants found in C.G,their estimated annual availiblity and their input and output costs are given in the tables below. Table 4.10 Estimated Annual availability of Medicinal Plants in Chhattisgarh S.No Local Name of the species Name Botanical name Yearly available Qty in Qtls 1 Aama Haldi Curcuma amada 500.00 2 Akarkara Mool Anacyclus pyrethrum 300.00 3 Akarkara Panchang Anacyclus pyrethrum 500.00 4 Amaltash Cassia fistula 200.00 5 Amla Emblica officinalis 31000.00 6 Anant Mool Hemidesmus indicus 1000.00 7 Aonla Dry Emblica officinalis 10000.00 8 Arjun Bark Terminalia arjuna 1000.00 9 Ashok Chhal Saraca-asoca 800.00 10 Ashwgandha Mool Withania somnifera 200.00 11 Babool Chhal Acacia arabica 200.00 12 Babool Phalli Acacia arabica 35000.00 13 Baheda Chhilka Terminalia belerica 12000.00 14 Baibadang Embelia ribes 12000.00 15 Bel Chhal Aegle marmelos 3000.00 16 Bel Fruit Aegle marmelos 156000.00 17 Bel Patra Aegle marmelos 4000.00 18 Bel Pulp Aegle marmelos 30000.00 19 Bhelwa Beej Semecarpus 12000.00

112 anacardium 20 Bhelwa Fruit Semecarpus 10000.00 anacardium 21 Bhelwa Patta Semecarpus 5000.00 anacardium 22 Bhui Aonla Phyllanthus amarus 4000.00 23 Dhawai Phool Woofordia fruitcosa 26250.00 24 Dikamali Gardenia gummifera 1500.00 25 Gataran Caesalpinia bonduc 1000.00 26 Ghotiya Fruit Zizypus Xylopyr 3000.00 27 Giloye Tinospora cardifolia 800.00 28 Gokharu Dana Tribulus terrestris 100.00 29 Gorakhmudi Sphaeranthus indicus 10000.00 30 Gudmar Booti Gymnema ssylvestre 100.00 31 Gudwach (Kadvi Bach) Acorus calamus 500.00 32 Harra Imblica officinal 2000.00 33 Honey ------- 1000.00 34 Inder Joo Holarrhena 200.00 antidysnterica 35 Jamunn Guthali Syzygium cumini 200.00 36 Jatamansi Nardostachys 50.00 jatamansi 37 Kachur Curcuma zedoaria 100.00 38 Kala Jiri Vernonia 6000.00 anthelmintica 39 Kala Dana Ipomoea nil 2000.00

113 40 Kalmegh (Panchnag) Andrographis 15000.00 paniculata 41 Kasoundhi Cassia occidentails 300.00 42 Katla Chhoti Solamum 200.00 xanthocarpum 43 Kounch Beej Mucuna pruriens 500.00 44 Kuchala Strychnos nuxvomica 1000.00 45 Kutki Picrorhiza kurrooa 30.00 46 Mahulpatta Bauhinia-vahlii 54600.00 47 Makoy Beej Solanum nigrum 200.00 48 Malkangani Celastrus paniculatus 3000.00 49 Marodphalli Helictress isorala 3900.00 50 Nagarmotha Cyprus scariosus 15000.00 51 Neem Chhal Azadirachta indica 700.00 52 Neem Patra Azadirachta indica 700.00 53 Nimoli Azadirachta indica 1000.00 54 Nirgundi Beej Vitex negundo 100.00 55 Nirgundi Panchang Vitex negundo 50.00 56 Nirmail Strychnos potatorum 2000.00 57 Nishodh Operculina 2000.00 turpethium 58 Paibela Celastrus paniculatus 1000.00 59 Palash Phool Butea monosperma 50.00 60 Patalkumhda Pueraria tuberose 2000.00 61 Pipali Badi Piper-longum 100.00 62 Pipali Chhoti Piper-longum 50.00

63 Rasna Pluchea lanceolata 1000.00 64 Ratanjot Caesalpinia pulcherrima 114 1000.00 65 Rohina Fruit Soymida febrifuga 5000.00 66 Safed Musli Chlorophytum tuberosum 67 Salparni Desmodium gangeticum 1000.00 200.00 68 Sarpagandha Rauwolfia serpentina 1500.00 69 Satawari Asparagus racemosus 3000.00 70 Shankhpushpi Evolvulus racemosus 200.00 71 Shivlingi Brayonia alba 50.00 72 Tikhur Curcuma augustifolia 1900.00 73 Vai Kumbhi Caryea arbofea 2000.00 74 Van Tulsi Ocimum gratissimum 30000.00 75 Vanjeera Vernonia anthelmintica Source : Export potentional Survey Report of CSIDC Source - http://cgvanoushadhi.gov.in/annual%20production.htm) Table 4.11 Cultivation Economics of Some Medicinal Plants (Per Acre) Species Duration Input Output (Rs) Yield (Yrs.) Cost (Rs) Amla After 6 15.000 50.000 onwards 10 t fruit Ashok 10 5.500 20.000 -- bark Ashwagandha 1 6.000 19.500 3 q dry root Atis 2 40.000 1.00.000 1 q tuber Bach 1 25.000 60.000 15 q rhizome Bhumiamalaki 1 2.000 4.000 5 q herbage 3000.00

Bixa (Tissue cul.) 5 50.000 1.00.000 onwards 20 q fruit Brahmi 1 15.000 50.000 20 q herbage Chandan after 30 75.000 4.50.000 1.500 kg heart wood Citronella 1 20.000 30.000 80 kg oil Coleus 1 15.000 35.000 6 q tuber dry Giloe 1 2.500 6.000 4 q dry stem Gudmar 4 2.500 6.000 4 q leaves Guggal After 8 1.00.000 2.00.000 8 q gum resin Isabgol 1 10.000 20.000 6 q seed, 2 q husk Kalihari 5 1.00.000 5.50.000 13 q seed/30 q tuber Kalmegh 1 8.000 12.000 12 q herbage konch 1 4.000 9.000 5 q seed Kuth 2 20.000 20.000 2.5 q root Kutki 2 20.000 25.000 3 q root kumari 1 8.000 12.000 50 q fresh leaf Lemongrass 1 20.000 40.000 100 kg oil Makoy 1 5.500 18.000 5 q herbage Mint (Japanese) 1 15.000 30.000 100 kg oil Mulethi 3 35.000 1.80.000 30 q dry root Muskdana 1 3.000 9.000 200 kg seed Palmarosa 1 8.000 17.000 40 kg oil Pippali 1 23.000 50.000 2.5 q spikes/1 q root Sadabahar 1 3.000 8.000 5 q herbage Safed musli 1 2.25.000 4.00.000 3.5 q dry root Sarpgandha 2 20.000 40.000 6 q root Senna 1 3.500 6.000 4 q dry leaves Semal musli 2 7.000 20.000 1 q root Shatavari 2 20.000 50.000 35 q root Tagar 2 10.000 20.000 4 q root Tulsi 1 1.500 5.000 20 25 kg oil Vai vidang 2nd yr onwards 35.000 1.00.000 10 q fruit Note: (1) Economics of cultivation are taken from available literature of NABARD, CSIR, ICAR, ICFRE, Forest Deptt., NHB and other reliable sources. (2) Economics of species have been worked out on the basis of input in the form of elite quality planting material. (3) These cost do not include expenditure towards manpower, infrastructure development and cost of land *. Source- www.nmpb.com 115

116 Table 4.12 Estimated Annual production of NWFP Mart S. Local Name Botanical Quantity Production source No Name collected Wild Cultivation (in Qtls.) collection 1 Baibirang Embelia ribes 20000 Y Y 2 Amla dry Emblica 5000 y officinalis 3 Kalmegh (Bhui Andrographis 5000 y Neem) paniculata 4 Bel guda Aegle 2500 Y marmelos 5 Satawar Asparagus 500 Y racemosus 6 Safed musli Chlorophytum 250 Y Y (dry) tuberosum 7 Bhui Amla Phyllanthus 250 Y Y amarus 8 Gudmar Gymnema 200 Y Y (Leaves) sylvestre 9 Sarpgandha (Root) Rauvolfia serpentina 100 Y Y 10 Banjira Vernonia 5000 Y anthelmintica 11 Dhawai phool Woodfordia 15000 Y fruticosa 12 Malkangni Celastrus 2500 Y

117 seeds paniculatus 13 Baheda Terminalia belerica 14 Shahad (Honey) 15 Ban Tulsi Seed Ocimum gratissimum 16 Nagar motha Cyperus esculentus 17 Tikhur Maranta arundinacea (Curcuma angustifolia) 18 Gataran Caesalpinia bonduc 19 Maror phalli Helicteres isora 20 Bhilma Semicarpus anacardium 21 Kali Musli Curculigo orchioides 22 Rasna Pluchea lanceolata 23 Kamarkas Butea Gum monosperma 24 Nirmali Strychnos potatorum 10000 Y 500 Y 2500 Y 2500 Y 200 Y 250 Y 1000 Y 1250 Y 250 Y 250 Y Y 125 Y 250 Y

118 25 Mainfal Randia 500 Y dumetorum 26 Kutaj Seed Hollarrhena 250 Y antidysterica 27 Anantmul Hemidesmis 200 Y (Root) indicus 28 Chitrak (Root) Plumbago 50 Y zeylanica 29 Amaltas fruit Cassia fistula 125 Y 30 Bharangi Clerodendrum 50 Y serratum 31 Arjuna Bark Terminalia 100 Y arjuna bark 32 Ashwagandha Withania somnifera 33 Pashan bheda Coleus (Coleus) barbatus Benth. 34 Alloevera Aloe barbadebsis 35 Stevia Stevia rebaudiana Total 766500 Source - www.cgmfed.org.in Y Y Y Y NWFP :- Non Wood Forest Products