Is there life after the fossils? 1
Sustainable hydrocarbon business based on biogenic carbon dioxide and renewable electricity Sampo Mäkikouri 1, Markus Hurskainen 1, Kristian Melin 1, Tapio Vehmas 1, Janne Kärki 1, Eemeli Tsupari 1 1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd ICCDU XVI. Aug 27-30, 2018. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2
Value chain 3
Sustainability? VTT Discussion paper on Carbon Capture and Utilization: makingoftomorrow.com/carboncapture-utilization/ 4
3 cases Picture: VTT Formic acid CO 2 cured concrete CO 2 from raw biogas Hungry for more? www.vtt.fi/sites/bioco2/en 5
Formic acid production at a pulp mill Payback time 1-3 years! 6
Formic acid synthesis (TRL 3-5) Pulp mill case: Electricity & grid service 32.5 MWe electrolyser 1 MWe Steam Water Electrolysis H 2 (η=67% LHV) 180 kg/h Amine FA-Amine adduct Formic acid 0.95 MW O 2 160 kg/h CO 2 280 kg/h 20 kg/h Synthesis η conv.h2 =63% η conv.co2 =98% FA-adduct Free amine Catalysts Methanol Amine Liquid-liquid separation of catalysts FA-adduct Methanol Formic (85%) acid 340 kg/h Reactive distillation (separation and purification of FA from amine-adduct) Stripping of solvent (methanol) Amine+catalysts LT Heat 0.7 MW Methanol Based on: Pérez-fortes & Tzimas, 2016. 7
Feasibility evaluation method Hourly plant operation model Values for full load operation Heat for CO2 rege 0.83 MW = inputs from this sheet Process gas / Syngas / Captured CO2 CO 0 % vol-% = inputs to formulas 0 kg CO2/h 1000 kg/h CO2 100 % vol-% Electrolysis 40 /t CO2 0 /t gas CH4 0 % vol-% Water 1 Synthesis H2 0 % vol-% 1228 kg/h 0.0 H2 balance ok 0.4 /m3 Efficiency (LHV) 67 % H2/power 137 kg H 2 /h Inputs to Methanol 83 % (LHV, net) 2 Capacity 6.8 MW e 0 kg CO/h 3.8 MW Electricity 0 0 kg CO2/h 70 /MWh chosen spot price scenario Avg. 36 /MWh + transmission + taxes 10 /MWh overall 95 % Oxygen Heat Steam Other by-products? 1091 kg/h 2.12 MW 0.53 MW 50 /t O 2 0 /MWh 30 /MWh 0 PERFORMANCE DATA Alkaline electrolyser cell (AEC) System efficiency to H2 Heat losses 2 % Presssure range 67 % LHV 1-30 bar Solid-oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC), steam electrolysis System efficiency to H2 77 % LHV Presssure range 1-10 bar Pressure drop 10 % Solid-oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC), co-electrolysis H2/CO ratio 0 mooliosuus H2/CO ratio, for SNG 4 H2/CO ratio, for MeOH 2.75 Reactant utilisation 80 % Presssure range 1-10 bar Pressure drop 10 % www.neocarbonenergy.fi 8
Assumed market parameters for formic acid production at a pulp Optimisticmill. scenario Conservative scenario Products Formic acid 700 /t Formic acid 600 /t Electricity spot price scenario Electricity transmission + net taxes Finland 2016 80% (avg. price 25.6 /MWh) Extra price variation ±30% Finland 2016 (avg. price 32.0 /MWh) 2 /MWh (only net tax) 2 /MWh (only net tax) FCR scenario - - CO 2 capture+purification 30 /t CO2 50 /t CO2 O 2 utilisation Avg 34 /t O2 (decreased electricitydemand + other PSA OPEX 5 /t + PSA CAPEX 20 /t) Avg 16 /t O2 (decreased electricitydemand + 5 /t for other PSA OPEX) Heat utilisation 0 /MWh 0 /MWh Cost of steam Avg 6.5 /MWh Avg 8.1 /MWh Investment subsidy 30% 0% 9
Key results Formic acid (FA) 10
New methods for CO 2 cured concrete Potential for replacing 26 % of the cement with CO 2. 11
Thermodynamic modelling of CO 2 cured concrete CO 2 $ conventional new methods 12
Modelled volumes of solids in CO 2 cured concrete. 1% CO 2 20 % CO 2 40 % CO 2 63,4 cm 3 64,8 cm 3 60,1 cm 3 51,4 cm 3 3. AFt Thaumasite 2. Portlandite Calcite Portlandite 2. AFt -monocarbonate 1. AFt carbonate phases 60 % CO 2 55,1 cm 3 CSH 4. Mg dolomite 4. Na dawsonite 4. A kaolinite 13
Benefits from new process design! CO 2 +40 % CO 2 of cement weight, permanently -26 wt-% cement 14
Novel ejector based concept for CO 2 capture CAPEX -30% when applied to biogas purification. 15
A novel ejector-based CO 2 capturing concept. Here CO 2 is separated for use outside the process. 16
Conclusions Formic acid production at a pulp mill could pay back in 1-3 years, if the technology (TRL 3-5) works in commercial scale. New methods for CO 2 cured concrete could replace up to 26 % of the cement with CO 2, if a suitable process is developed. A patent is applied for a novel ejector based concept for CO 2 capture. It could save CAPEX by 30 % in biogas applications. The economic feasibility of a CCU value chain is dominated by electricity price, heat and steam integration, utilising CCU by-products and end products on-site, matching the purity of available CO 2 and utilised CO 2, avoiding CO 2 transportation and scale (bigger is better) 17
Please, contact us kristian.melin Ejector concept, chemistry janne.karki Project manager, TEA @vtt.fi tapio.vehmas concrete chemistry sampo. makikouri CCU concrete applications 18
This time, let s do it right! 19
Thank you for your attention! www.vttresearch.com #vttpeople / @VTTFinland Pictures sourced from image banks with CC0 licence, unless mentioned otherwise.