Ambient air quality in Norway Line Merete Karlsøen & Silje Aksnes Bratland Section for Transport and Air Quality 13 th June 2018
Background
5 302 778 inhabitants EU EEA 2. longest coastline in the world Map: AndrewRT. CC BY-SA 3.0 NO
Photo: Mattias Fredriksson Photography AB
Oslo Photo: Tord Baklund and http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/oslo_egca2019_finalist-presentation.pdf
Premature death by ambient air pollution: Europe: >400 000 Norway in 2015: 1450 Source: Knudsen AK, Tollånes MC, Haaland ØA, Kinge JM, Skirbekk V, Vollset SE. Disease Burden in Norway 2015. Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Rapport 2017. Bergen/Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2017. + Air quality in Europe 2017 report European Environment Agency, 2017.
Main emission sources in Norway Road traffic (PM and NO 2 ) Road, tires, brakes (PM 10 -PM 2,5 ) Diesel exhaust (PM 2,5 and NO 2 ) Wood combustion (PM 2,5 ) Other sources: small combustion plants, harbors and industry, long-range air pollution
Legal framework Pollution Control Act (1981) Provision for Ambient Air Quality: The pollution regulation Chapter 7 Ambient air Quality Directives 2008/50/EC 2004/107/EC
Norwegian air quality regulation Impose: Monitoring, air quality plans and measures Local authority (municipalities) Polluter (owner of polluting activity) Impose: Local monitoring, content in air quality plans Impose: Measures in industry sector National authority County Governor Responsible for: Reporting EFTA Surveillance Authority Responsible for: Monitoring, air quality plans and measures
Air quality plans The municipalities are responsible The polluters are obliged to contribute and to implement measures The municipality can impose the polluters to perform their obligations and to cover the costs Air quality plans are to be sent to Norwegian Environment Agency within two years Photo: Pixabay
Limit & target values Legally binding 25 µg/m 3 PM 10 calendar year Air Quality Criteria & National Environmental Targets Not legally binding 20 µg/m 3 PM 10 calendar year
Averaging Period Limit value EU Allowed exceedances Limit value Norway From 2016 Air Quality Criteria Concentration Allowed Concentration exceedances PM 10 One day 50 µg/ m3 35 days 50 µg/m3 30 days 30 PM 2,5 µg/m3 Calendar year 40 µg/ m3 25 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 µg/m3 One day 15 NO 2 National Environmental Targets 20 µg/m3 Calendar year 25 µg/ m3 15 µg/m3 8 µg/m3 8 µg/m3 Hour 200 µg/m3 18 hours 200 µg/m3 18 hours 100 µg/m3 Calendar year 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3
Averaging Period Limit value EU Allowed exceedances Limit value Norway From 2016 Air Quality Criteria Concentration Allowed From Concentration 2020? exceedances One day 50 µg/ m3 35 days 50 µg/m3 30 days 30 PM 10 National Environmental Targets µg/m3 PM Calendar 40 µg/ m3 10 25 µg/m3 20 20 µg/m3 year Calendar year: 22 µg/m 3 µg/m3 One day One day: 50 µg/m 3 allowed 15 times 15 µg/m3 PM 2,5 Calendar 25 µg/ m3 15 µg/m3 8 µg/m3 8 µg/m3 year PM 2.5 : Hour 200 µg/m3 Calendar 18 hours year: 200 µg/m3 12 µg/m 3 18 hours 100 µg/m3 NO 2 Calendar year 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3
2017 2011 2017 2017 2017 2017 2011 2017 2017 2011 2017 2011 2011 2011 2017 2011 2011 Number of exceedances above 50 µg/m3 PM 10 daily average 2011-2017 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Oslo Bergen Trondheim Stavanger Fredrikstad Tromsø Drammen Mo i Rana Narvik EU-limit value NB: Preliminary data for 2017 Norwegian limit value (from 1st January 2016)
2017 2017 2011 2017 2017 2017 2017 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 70 Yearly average NO 2 (µg/m 3 ) 2011-2017 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Oslo Bergen Trondheim Stavanger Bærum Drammen Limit value NB: Preliminary data for 2017
EFTA court judment and Action plans
Efta court judment 2015 Norway was judged in the Efta Court for failure to fulfil its obligations in directive 2008/50/EC Surpassing limit values 2009 to 2012 for SO 2, PM 10 and 2010 to 2012 for NO 2 Failing to comply with the air quality plan obligation
Since the EFTA judgment Governmental follow-up Guidance material Close follow-up of the municipalities Development of policies and measures Governmental collaboration on air quality Municipal follow-up Focus on air quality plans Implementing and developing new policies and measures Air quality measurements
Policy and measures: Road traffic NO2 (PM10) Low emission zones Toll charges Differentiated toll charges based on emissions Higher toll charges during rush hours Higher toll charges at high air pollution levels Diesel ban on days with high air pollution levels Environmental requirements on taxies National electric vehicle policies Diesel PM10 (PM2,5) Reduced speed limits Studded tyres fee Studded tyres ban on days with high air pollution levels Dust removal combined with dust binding (MgCl 2 )
Main electric vehicles policies Exemption from value added tax. Normal rate: 25 % Exemption from registration tax. On average: 10 000 euros Public company Enova: Supporting charging infrastructure Free toll roads, free public parking and free charging at public charging stations, access to bus lanes, free/reduced fees on ferries Relatively high taxes on fossil fuels
Figure: Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment ZEV: zero emission vehicle
Sales of electric vehicles 120000 Share of new car sales 100000 80000 60000 Electric cars by the end of 2016 = 4 % of the total car fleet 40000 20000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gasoline Diesel BEV PHEV Hydrogen BEV: battery electric vehicle, PHEV: plug-in hybrid EV. Non-rechargeable hybrids in category gasoline. 2018 incl. Jan.-April.
Policy and measures: Wood burning and Ports Wood burning: PM2,5 and PM10 Forced replacement of wood-burning stoves with cleaner burning stoves or pellet ovens Ban on old wood stoves Aid scheme for replacement of wood stoves Investigation of instruments ongoing Phillip Durand, Shutterstock.com Ports: NO2, PM10, PM2,5 Electric shore power to ships in ports Environmental port index Rejection of ships from port on days with high air pollution levels under development Erling Oppheim, nrk.no
Action plan Oslo: Effect on NO 2 concentrations and number of people exposed (year & hour) Today s situation, 2014 Reference situation, 2020 Action plan, 2020 216 500 / 56 400 1 400 / 200 0 / 0
Action plan Oslo: Effect on PM10 concentrations and number of people exposed (year & one day) Todays situation, 2014 Reference situation, 2020 Action plan, 2020 3 000 / 15 000 1 000 / 9 300 0 / 1 300
Action plan Trondheim: decreasing PM - concentrations with reinforced street cleaning Increased period for cleaning (1.10-1.06) Need based instead of frequency based Preventive cleaning based on measurements, prognosis for weather and air quality, experience and knowledge «wall to wall» cleaning including hosing by hand Dust binding (MgCl 2 ) with nozzle spreader in cold, dry periods and when the road dries up, on areas with dust depot Use of cleaning machine with powerful vacuum suction and PM 2,5 filter
2017 2013 Trondheim Number of exceedances above 50 µg/m3 PM10 daily average 2006-2017 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 EU-limit value Norwegian limit value (from 1st January 2016) NB: Preliminary data for 2017
2017 2013 2007 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 EU-limit value Trondheim Yearly average PM 10 (µg/m3) 2007-2017 Norwegian limit value (from 1st January 2016) NB: Preliminary data for 2017
Governmental collaboration & Air quality forecast map for Norway
Governmental collaboration on air quality Collaboration agreement Coordinate the work related to air quality Secure unified effort Better services for local and regional authorities and the public
Nationwide AQ forecast map PM 10, PM 2.5 and NO 2 Air quality model system "High resolution air quality information for policy" (AIRQUIP) 2-4 days forcast Downscaled version of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)-model
Nationwide AQ forecast map EMEP coarse scale 15-2.5 km urbanemep fine scale 250-25 m meteorology data emission data The urbanemep model will be applicable also for other European countries.
Nationwide AQ forecast map This model can in the future yield: Yearly average maps Air quality zone maps for land-use planning Exposure calculations Emission data Source contribution
Nationwide AQ forecast map Video, NO 2 Oslo
Questions? luft@miljodir.no www.miljødirektoratet.no