Nematodes in seed potato production: cuidado! Nicole Viaene 5 September 2013 visit Chilean potato group and Belgapom Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Plant Sciences Unit www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be Agriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
What are nematodes? Most important nematodes on potato Quarantine nematodes: biology, spread, regulations, monitoring/control Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. Potato cyst nematode Globodera spp.
Nematodes
Plant-parasitic nematodes stylet average size 0,5 2 mm parasitizing plant roots, but also stem, seeds, tubers, leaves
Nematodes: life cycle - egg - juvenile 1 - juvenile 2 - juvenile 3 - juvenile 4 - adult
Nematodes: life cycle Pratylenchus sp.: female Pratylenchus sp.: male - ei - juveniel 1 - juveniel 2 - juveniel 3 - juveniel 4 - adult Females Meloidogyne sp. Females Globodera sp.
Nematodes: damage lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in maize and potato
Nematodes: damage Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potato
Nematodes: damage Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato, salsify, carrot
Most important nematodes on potato Potato cyst nematodes Root-knot nematodes Lesion nematodes Potato rot nematode False root-knot nematode Globodera spp. Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. Ditylenchus destructor Nacobus aberrans
Most important nematodes on potato + quarantine status (in EU) Potato cyst nematodes Root-knot nematodes Globodera spp. Meloidogyne spp. M. chitwoodi, M. fallax, Q some Q M. enterolobii Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. Potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor False root-knot nematode Nacobus aberrans no Q Q Q
Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida potato cyst nematodes
Symptoms on roots and tubers: cysts
Symptoms in field: reduced plant growth Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potato
Spread of PCN SOIL ON FIELD MACHINERY - ploughing - harrowing - building ridges - spraying pesticides - harvesting -. Spread within field Spread between fields on same farm Spread between farms Photo: T. Been 16
Spread of PCN SOIL TARE, SIEVING AND GRADING SOIL Photos T.Been, PRI, Wageningen Soil taken back to other fields, other regions,. risk for spread 17
Spread of PCN SEED POTATO? EU directive 2007/33/EC applied since july 2010 Statutory field sampling: field free of cysts = no cysts detected in soil sample If cysts detected: no seed potato for 6 years only resistant variety of ware potato chemical soil desinfestation of the field trap crop
Detection of potato cysts in soil http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5tp9pjbx 4U Identificatie van aardappelcystenaaltjes
Detection Distribution of cysts in Belgium in soil 21
Identification GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS OR G. PALLIDA? DNA PCR-mix met o.a. Ro-primer en Pa-primer A B
Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne chitwoodi en M. fallax
Life cycle of Meloidogyne spp. ROOT Adult J4 Adult with eggs J3 J2 J2 after feeding Infective juvenile SOIL First moult, egg with juvenile Adapted from Karssen & Moens, 2006
Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax (EPPO)
Symptoms of Meloidogyne chitwoodi celery leek potato maize
Symptoms of Meloidogyne chitwoodi Visuel inspection possible
Inspection of tubers: visually Symptoms not always clear: incubation potato variety
Inspection of potato tubers for Meloidogyne -Visual detection based on symptoms
Inspection of potato tubers for Meloidogyne -Visual detection based on symptoms -Detection after extraction of nematodes from tubers (lab ) Similar to inspection for bacterial diseases 200 tubers per consignment of max 20 ton
Morphological identification:microscopy M. chitwoodi M. fallax
Molecular identification: PCR, qpcr, seqencing of DNA PCR with species-specific primers: Mc, Mf, Mh M. hapla 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1.5kbp M.fallax 500bp M. chitwoodi PCR producten met JMV1, JMV2 en JMV hapla primers. (1) Bio2-Cuc-2, (2) Bio1-Sp-4, (3) Bio1-Tom-2, (4) Bio1-Cuc-1, (5) Bio2-Zuc-1, (6) Positive control (M.chitwoodi), (7-10) Bio3- Tom-3, Tom-2, Tom-1 and Tom-4 respectively, (11) Bio2-Ep-1, (12) Bio2-Cuc-3, (13) Blank
Thank you for your attention! Questions Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Plant Sciences Unit www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be Agriculture and Fisheries Policy Area