Green Fuels for Arctic Maritime Vessels SAQIB SOHAIL TOOR, PhD Associate Professor Department of Energy Technology Aalborg University, Denmark
Agenda 2 HTL (Hydrothermal Liquefaction) a brief technology overview The sustainability proposition of HTL
AAU Bioenergy 3 Sustainable, low water requirement processing
HTL HydroThermal Liquefaction 4 Water as liquid HTL: Hydrothermal liquefaction regime Critical pointt @374 o C, 220 bar Supercritical Region SuperCritical Water Gasification (SCWG) Hydrothermal Gasification (HTG) Conditions comparable to those under which fossil oil and coal were created: pressures around 2-300 bar, temperatures in the range 250-450 degrees C. Hot Compressed Water Processes Except time: 100 s mill years vs 15 minutes Water as steam + H 2 O + catalyst CO 2, CH 4, H 2, CO
HTL reactor ~ 15 min HTL HydroThermal Liquefaction 5 FEEDSTOCK PREPARATION BIOMASS-TO-BIOCRUDE CONVERSION Biomass slurry prep. Plastic Lignin Lignin Polysaccha Polysaccharides -rides Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids BIOMASS CATALYST WATER Pressurizing and pumping ~300 bar Rapid heating ~400 C HTL conversion BIOCRUDE UPGRADING BIOCRUDE SEPARATION Gas Biocrude Upgrading BIO CRUDE BIO CRUDE Water Solids WSO Gas product (CO 2, H 2, CH 4 ) CRUDE OIL Drop-in biofuels CRUDE OIL Biocrude Centrifuge Pressure reduction
Drop-in biofuels 6 IEA Task 39 definition: Drop-biofuels are defined as liquid hydrocarbons that are functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels and are fully compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure Consequences No blend wall Drop-in point can be chosen from a number of criteria, eg efficiency or sustainability Existing infrastructure can be repurposed Significant reduction of time-toimplementation and cost Efficient focus on primary conversion step
Near-commercial HTL data 7 40% of the bio-crude is in marine fuel range True and simulated boiling point distribution of dehydrated Hydrofaction oil
Recovery (wt.%) Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Results from Continuous Hydrotreatment and distillation 8 700 700 600 600 500 500 400 300 200 100 0 Recovery (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 75-80% increase of IBP-350 o C distillate Deoxygenation and TAN elimination Viscosity and density improved High quality product in high yields (~100vol.%) Fractional distillation of product Hydrofaction Oil Hydrofaction TM Oil H2T @ 350C H2T @ 325C H2T @ 320C H2T @ 375C 370C 50 40 Preliminary results of Hydrofaction yields 400L of upgraded oil per 1 ton wood Of these >200L is diesel equivalent (IBP basis) 30 20 10 0 8
Sustainable, low sulphur marine drop-in biofuel from (Scandinavian) lignocellulose by HydroThermal Liquefaction 9 Lignocellulosic biomass feed Test Pretreatment Overall energy efficiency ~ 85% Hydrofaction Oil >20% DM slurry w/ alkaline catalyst DMB (ISO 8217) Viscosity (cps) at 40 C 12.0 11.0 (max) HTL@ 390-420 o C 300-350 bar Solution to meet Specifications Blending / Vis-breaking Density (kg/m 3 ) 930 900 (max) Blending Total Acid number (mg KOH /kg) 5.7 0.5 (max) All other specifications MET or EXCEEDED Sulfur (wt%) 0.01 2.0 (max) Oxygen (wt%) 2.2-8.0 No standard HHV (MJ/kg) 40-42.5 No Standard LHV (MJ/kg) 37.5-40.0 No Standard Blending /Hydrogenation H 2 source: gas product phase or renewable electricity-to-h 2 Gas product ~40%wt of input DM ~85% wt CO2, ~11% wt C1-C4 ~1% wt H2,HHV ~7-8 MJ/kg Energy recovery (oil fraction): 80-85% Carbon recovery (oil fraction): 60-70% Hydrofaction Oil ~40% wt of input DM ~85% wt C, ~11% wt H H/C eff ~ 1.4
CBS1 advanced continuous HTL research platform at AAU 10 0.3-0.5 bpd capacity 1000+ oil production hours, 3000+ hours hot operation Commissioned May 2013
A A U B I OMASS TO VA L I D AT E D F U E L P L AT F ORM W W W. B I OMASS.AAU.DK ANALYSIS Product separation Biomass pretreatment Continuous HTL processing @ 1/3 bpd Continuous hydrotreatment (2 stage) End use validation jet or ICE engine platform Renewable oil well Existing & adapted infrastructure Fertilizers, CO2, biochar Process water Acknowledgements: Grant #64013-0513 Grant #1305-00030B AAU HTL team: Thomas H. Pedersen, Saqib S. Toor, Anne V.K. Rasmussen, Federica Conti, Daniele Castello, Claus U. Jensen, Iulia M. Sintamarean, Ionela F. Grigoras
Next steps for real biofuels? 12 Demonstration scale in Denmark? Absolutely
Deployment of low sulphur sustainable marine bio-fuel production 13 North Denmark location: Frederikshavn? Straight between DK-Sweden is 3. most heavily trafficked in the world Immediate market of approx 900.000 tons marine fuel annually Plant size 33-100 bpd: demonstration >1000 bpd: commercial Feedstock: forestry residue (supplemented by ad hoc resources)
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