BIOMASSA: OPPORTUNITA PER LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE? VENERDI 5 GIUGNO 2015 TAIO (TN), SALA CONVEGNI C.O.CE.A. Maniche filtranti e introduzione alle candele ceramiche Gianpaolo Giaccone Managing director BWF FTI Spa
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
Biomass - Composition Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also important, because these are elements relevant for emission
Biomass - Composition Nitrogen (N) direct influence on the formation of nitrogen oxides (Nox) Hard coal Wheat grain Straw Nitrogen contant (N) [%] Miscanthus pinewood 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Biomass - Composition Sulphur (S) formation of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Hard coal Wheat grain Straw Miscanthus Pine Wood Su Sulphur (S) [%] 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Biomass - Composition Chloride (Cl) formation of hydrochlorid acid (HCl) Hard coal Wheat grain Straw Miscanthus Pine Wood 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 Chloride (Cl) [%]
Biomass - Composition Ash Content and Ash Composition wide variation with biomass stalk / stem type biomasses in particular (straw from wheat corn) can give higher ash contents lower ash fusing temperatures favouring of caking and slagging
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
Biomass - Wood Wood is a frequently used biomass fuel Classification of wood fuels Wood from forests and plantations, entire trees, standing timber, residual forest wood, wood type biomass from landscaping Industrial wood leftovers, chemically untreated wood leftovers, chemically treated wood leftovers, fibrous waste from wood leftovers, fibrous waste from wood pulp and paper industry Used wood chemically untreated wood, chemically treated wood Blends Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also important, because these are elements relevant for emission
Biomass Scrap Wood Scrap wood is a fuel which is frequently used, particularly in the medium and high capacity ranges of biomass fuel powered plants. Classification of old wood European norms are still a work in progress (CEN TC 335 und CEN TC 343) Relevant classifications in Austria and Germany Austria: Q1 Q7 Germany: A1 A4 and PCB-scrap wood Comparability: A1 A2 with Q1 Q4 A3 A4 with Q5 Q7
Biomass Old Forest / Scrap Wood Scrap wood is an extremely inhomogeneous fuel of foreign and disruptive materials ash content chlorine (CI) sulphur (S) iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), silicium (Si) sodium (Na), potassium (K) heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg)
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
m-aramide (NO, NX) Temperature 100-140 C continuous * 160-180 C peaks * Limited chemical stability Normally not used in flue gas cleaning unit of incineration applications Has been used for years in some smaller straw fired power stations * talking into account the Arrhenius rule
Arrhenius Rule According to Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist ( 1859 1927 ) A temperature increase of t = 10 C results a doubling of the chemical reaction velocity It makes a difference, to which temperature level with the corresponding harmful gas components, textile filter media are exposed to
Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) Temperature 120-140 C continuous * 160-180 C peaks * Excellent chemical stability in acidic and alkaline conditions, cannot be hydrolysed Sensitive to oxidative influences, bromine and heavy metals in the dust (possible catalytic effect) * talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
Polyimide ( PI ) Temperature 120-180 C continuous operation * 260 C peak temperature * Good chemical stability with acids, oxidation and hydrolysis taking into account the bag house temperature Sensitive to oxidative influences, hydrolysis and alkaline conditions * talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
FiberGlass + e-ptfemembrane (PMTECGL750) Temperature 250 C continuous operation* 280 C peak temperature* Average chemical stability, sensitive to acid attack and hydrolysis Inert fibre type * talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
Polytetrafluorethylene ( PTFE ) Temperature 250 C continuous operation 280 C peak temperature Excellent chemical stability Inert fibre type
PM-Tec membrane on the filter media needlona needle felt Fibre glass high durability extremely stable and mechanically robust constant air permeability high fibre consolidation extremely stable and mechanically robust constant air permeability PM-Tec = Perfect interaction of substrate, membrane and lamination
Limitations Oxidative impacts by NO 2 Max. NO 2 concentrations for 24 months service life 30 NO 2 [mg/nm³] 25 PPS 20 P84 15 10 5 0 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature [ C]
Acid Dew Point Curves H2 O & SO 3 gaseous vapour condensate 200 175 150 125 100 75 H 2 O 15 Vol.% H 2 O 10 Vol.% H 2 O 5 Vol.% H2 SO 4 sulphuric acid Temperature [ C] 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 SO 3 [ppm]
Operation below Dew Point Physical results Heavy baked and crusty filter cake High adhesive forces
Operation below the Dew Point Chemical decomposing of Polyimide fibres by liquid ZnCl 2 Incineration of contaminated wood
List of Contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
m-aramide Reference in Denmark Filter Media needlona NO/NO 401 CS29 Firing not specified Fuel straw Gas cleaning no neutralisation, no DeNO x Dust load not specified Cleaning Pulse Jet, p = 0,7 bar Gas volume 20.400 Nm³/h Filter area 369 m² a/c-ratio 1,33 m/min Temperature 122-130 C continuous Gas composition O 2 = 8,0 Vol.% NO x = 415 mg/nm³ cross-section after 24 months lifetime LA 29636 dated 08/2004 Lifetime Comment appox. 24 months m-aramide chemically heavily damaged; filter bags, however, still fully operational
Polyphenylene Sulphide Reference in Italy Filter Media needlona PPS/PPS 554 CS18 Type of firing Fuel grate firing natural wood, low proportion of RDF Gas cleaning Dry sorption Ca(OH) 2 Dust load 3 g/nm³ Cleaning Pulse Jet Gas volume 31.255 Nm³/h Filter surface area 876 m² a/c-ratio 0,93 m/min Temperature 155 C continuous 180 C peaks Gas composition H 2 O = 8,0 Vol.% O 2 = 10,0 Vol.% NOx = 158 mg/nm³ Time in service Comment 24 months, still in operation PPS affected by oxidation after 24 months, however, filter bags still in excellent condition cross-section after 24 months service LA 32111 dated 06/2006
Polyimide Reference in Switzerland Filter Media needlona PI/PI 551 MPS CS31 Firing Fuel Gas cleaning Cleaning Grate firing natural wood, bark (S-content < 0,04 mass%) Precoating during start-up, no neutralisation, Pulse Jet, p = 4 bar, Δp-regulated Gas volume 150.000 170.000 Am³/h Filter surface area 3.032 m² a/c-ratio 0,80 0,93 m/min Temperature 140 C continuous (Design 140 170 C) Gas composition H 2 O = 16,0 24,0 Vol.% O 2 < 6,0 Vol.% NOx = 100-150 mg/nm³ Lifetime 03/2007, still in operation Emission < 1,0 mg/nm³ Pressure loss 14 mbar
VetroCore Reference in Norway Filter Media needlona VetroCore 100 Firing Fuel Gas cleaning Dust load Separation Grate firing wood not specified < 0,5 g/nm³ pre-separation by cyclone pulse jet Gas volume 12.900 Nm³/h Filter surface area 592 m² a/c-ratio 0,60 m/min (@170 C) Temperature 130-180 C continuous; 200 C peak Roh- und Reingasseite nach 3 Monaten Standzeit, LA 28987 von 12/2003 Gas composition not specified Start up end of 2003 Emission < 20 mg/nm³ (warranty)
PTFE Reference in Germany Filter Media needlona PTFE/PTFE 704 MPS CS18 Firing Fuel Gas cleaning Cleaning Fluidised bed Scrap wood AI, AII, wood chips, tree cut Dry sorption with Ca(OH) 2 /HOK Pulse Jet Gas volume 67.700 90.700 Nm³/h Filter area 3.080 m² a/c-ratio 0,56 0,78 m/min Temperature 144-163 C continuous Gas composition H 2 O = 16,5 27,0Vol.% O 2 = 4 7 Vol.% NOx = 110 230mg/Nm³ Start up October 2004, still in operation Emission < 2 mg/nm³ monitored Pressure loss 14 mbar
PTFE Reference in Germany Filter Media needlona PTFE/PTFE 804 MPS CS18 Firing Fuel Gas cleaning Separation Grate firing scrap wood, AI - AIV dry sorption with Ca(OH)2 integrated SNCR pulse jet Gas volume 30.000 31.000 Nm³/h Filter surface area 1.100 m² a/c-ratio 0,82 m/min Temperature 140-155 C continuous Gas composition O 2 = 5 6 vol.% Start up October 2002 Emission < 4 mg/nm³ measured
PMTECGL750 Reference in Italy Filter Media Pm-TecGL750 Firing Fuel Gas cleaning Separation Grate firing scrap wood, AI - AIV dry sorption with Ca(OH)2 integrated SNCR pulse jet Gas volume 152.000 155.000 Nm³/h Filter surface area 4.890 m² a/c-ratio 0,6 m/min Temperature 135-190 C continuous Gas composition O 2 = 5 6 vol.% Start up November 2012 Emission < 2 mg/nm³ measured
List of contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
Summary Textile filter media provide a wide range of types covering the diverse requirements of flue gas cleaning units in incineration applications of biogenous solid material Established experience gained over several years Achieved emission values are well below the legally imposed limit values in combination with a proper bag house design, it is possible to achieve service lives of several years
List of contents 1. Composition of biomass 2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood 3. Filter media 4. References 5. Summary 6. Future
PYROTEX KE benefits at a glance Withstands exhaust gas of up to 850 C continuous temperature Even peak temperatures of up to 1,000 C can be achieved Non-flammable 100% spark resistant Superior chemical resistance Light-weight construction Emission levels of < 1 mg achievable Manufactured of non-carcinogenic, bio-degradable fibres PYROTEX KE conical collar with installation system PYROTEX KE T-shaped collar
Sources: A. Schuster Potenziale, Nutzungspfade und Eigenschaften nachwachsender Rohstoffe Orientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen J. Karl Einführung in die Technik der thermischen Verwertung von festen Biobrennstoffen Orientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen H. Hartmann Klassifizierungsnorm und deren Konsequenzen VDI Berichte Nr. 1891 T. Brunner Altholzaufbereitung zur Verbesserung der Brennstoffqualität I. Obernberger VDI Berichte Nr. 1891 M. Wellacher
Grazie per l attenzione Gianpaolo Giaccone Managing director BWF FTI Spa