ADAPTIVE FACADE SYSTEM BASED ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS MSc Thesis 2016-2017 TU Delft - Faculty of Architecture - MSc Building Technology Maria Alexiou _ 4504003 Mentors: Main supervisor: dr.ir. MSc.Arch Michela Turrin dr.ir.arch. M.J. (Martin) Tenpierik dr.ing. Marcel Bilow
PROBLEM STATEMENT RESEARCH QUESTION RESTRICTIONS GEOGRAPHICAL ATH AMS STUDY CASE FUNCTIONAL Libraries/Office Buildings PARTIAL Facades TU Delft Library/ silent room RESEARCH AIM OBJECTIVES natural ventilation strategies optimal facade performance the optimal thickness of the PCM energy efficient melting temperature optimal ratio pcm to glazing different PCM combination Facade design based on PCMs 1 AIM design guidelines for the facade engineers that plan to integrate PCMs in facades
PROBLEM STATEMENT Building Level Mechanical heating Mechanical cooling High energy consumption Libraries Heat Storage Cost Climare responsiveness Flexibility? Double skin facade Facade Level Double skin facade based on PCMs?
? What should be the design of an adaptive façade system based on PCMs and how should it respond to different climate conditions so as to provide thermal comfort in the indoor space of libraries whilst minimising the energy use for heating, cooling and lighting? Design Climate responsiveness Thermal Comfort Energy efficiency
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW DESIGN STRATEGIES/ BOUNDARY CONDITIONS HAND CALCULATIONS WEATHER DATA ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN ENERGY SIMULATIONS THE EXPERIMENT FACADE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CONSTRUCTION DESIGNER S MANUAL CONCLUSIONS
PHASE TRANSITION FOR ICE ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT THERMAL CYCLE PCM based product /GLASS X SOLID STATE PCMs LIQUID STATE
REDUCE THE THICKNESS OF THERMAL 1 CREATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES WITH HIGH THERMAL MASS REDUCE TEMPERATURE PEAKS 2 ENERGY SAVINGS FOR COOLING SYSTEMS PCMs ++ 3 SHIFT TEMPERATURE PEAKS ENERGY SAVINGS FOR HEATING SYSTEMS
FACADE LEVEL SALT HYDRATES SELECTION CRITERIA CONDUCTIVE COST EFFECTIVE STABLE CYCLE LOW VOLUME CHANGE NON FLAMMABLE NON TOXIC cost effective non- flammable small volume alteration in the phase change 0-95 o C melting temperature range
CLIMATE MEDITERRANEAN TEMPERATE RESTRICTIONS GEOGRAPHY BUILDING USE BUILDING COMPONENT GREECE LIBRARIES THE NETHERLANDS FACADE DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
OPTICAL CONTACT WITH THE EXTERIOR TYPES OF PANELS PANEL PLACEMENT
THERMAL COMFORT C PANELS 21-23 0 C B PANELS 21-23 0 C A PANELS 12-15 0 C B PANELS 21-23 0 C C PANELS 21-23 0 C B PANELS 21-23 0 C B PANELS 21-23 0 C A PANELS 12-15 0 C A PANELS 12-15 0 C
FIRST LOGIC : MODULAR UNITS PER PANEL SECOND LOGIC : MODULAR UNITS PER MULTIPLE PANELS PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DRAWINGS PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DRAWINGS 0 A PANELS 12-15 C 0 B PANELS 21-23 C 0 C PANELS 25-29 C STACKING LOGIC DESIGN CONCEPT 1ST LOGIC EACH MODULE CONTAIN ONE PANEL Placed in the lower part of each floor Placed in the central part of each floor Placed in the higher part of each floor 2ND LOGIC EACH MODULE CONTAIN MULTIPLE PANELS Each modular unit is composed by PCM panels with the same melting temperature ans is placed on the top of another unit.
FACADE DESIGN CHOICE VS
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Average daily solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Average daily solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Average high solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Amsterdam 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average high solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Amsterdam 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 20 15 10 5 0 Amsterdam Mean temperature Average high temperature Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Mean temperature Average high temperature Autumn Winter Spring Summer
HIGH WIND SPEED MEDIUM SOLAR IRRADIATION AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 14 0 C 3 0 C 13.5 0 C 20 0 C POSSIBLE PCM TYPES SP11 SP21 SP25 SP29
WEAK WIND SPEED INTENSE SOLAR IRRADIATION AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 14 0 C 3 0 C 13.5 0 C 20 0 C POSSIBLE PCM TYPES SP21 SP25 SP29 SP31
1.STRUCTURE GENERAL DEFINITION 2.INTERNAL SKIN 3.FACADE PATTERN 4.EXTERNAL SKIN 5.PCM GROUPING 6.MODULAR UNITS 7.GLAZING PERCENTAGE
SEGMENT 1(2 FLOORS) SEGMENT 2 (1 FLOOR) STRUCTURE THE WHOLE FACADE
FACADE PATTERN
INNER FACADE LAYER UNITIZED SYSTEM FRAME WINDOW FRAME LAMELLA WINDOWS
ATHENS FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE PATTERN 1 FACADE PATTERN 2 FACADE PATTERN 3 FACADE PATTERN 4 AMSTERDAM FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE PATTERN 1 FACADE PATTERN 2 FACADE PATTERN 3 FACADE PATTERN 4
FLOWCHART _ PCM GROUPING PCM GROUPING FLOWCHART _ PCM -GLAZING AREA MEASUREMENTS (example for group A)
ATHENS PCM PLACEMENT FACADE SEGMENT 1 SP21 SP25 SP29 or SP31 AMSTERDAM SP11 SP21 SP25 or SP29 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2
ENERGY PERFORMANCE PCM BASED DOUBLE SKIN FACADE VS FULLY GLAZED DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
FACADE SEGMENTATION FIRST FLOOR ( 1 THERMAL ZONE:INDOOR SPACE, 6 THERMAL ZONES : DOUBLE SKIN FACADE ACTUAL PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 GROUND FLOOR ( 2 THERMAL ZONE:INDOOR SPACE, 6 THER- MAL ZONES : DOUBLE SKIN FACADE SET UP PATTERN TRANSLATED TO WINDOW TO WALL RATIO
AMSTERDAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 50% Glazing 30-40 40% Glazing 21 0 C 30% Glazing 20% Glazing
ATHENS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 50% Glazing 20 40% Glazing 21 & 25 0 C 30% Glazing 20% Glazing
PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN Column1 Column2 INPUT DATA PATTERN 3 TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE 17.60% FAÇADE SEGMENT 1 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 26.55% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 46.90% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 26.55% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 10% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 21.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 20.00% FAÇADE SEGMENT 2 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 15.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 20.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 18.00% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 1) 17.50% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 2) 17.66% Glazing percentage 17.6% Annual energy consumption 148.85 kwh/m 2 Energy efficient PCM combination SP21 SP25 SP29
199.80 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) 148.8 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) COMPARISON ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) 29669 kwh 53271 kwh 4742 kwh ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) 26032 kwh 99724 kwh 466.55 kwh
PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN INPUT DATA PATTERN 2 TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE 35.73% FAÇADE SEGMENT 1 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 26.55% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 46.90% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 26.55% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 11% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 32.44% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 32.80% FAÇADE SEGMENT 2 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 39.16% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 39.16% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 39.16% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 1) 25.46% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 2) 39.16% Glazing percentage 35.73% Annual energy consumption 146.69 kwh/m 2 Energy efficient PCM combination SP11 SP21 SP25
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) 146.69 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) 121.35 COMPARISON ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) 27432 kwh 13135 kwh 43631 kwh ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) 27170 kwh 24666 kwh 15021 kwh
THE EXPERIMENT Graph 1:Temperature measurements of the PCM 21. Graph exported from Eltec Darca Plus. SP 21 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C 22-23 Congealing area o C 21-19 Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 180 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.5 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.4 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.6 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2) 7560000 SP 25 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C 24-26 Congealing area o C 24-23 Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 180 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.5 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.4 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.6 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2) 8100000 SP 31 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C 31-33 Congealing area o C 28-30 Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 210 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.35 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.3 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.8 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2) 8505000
THE SET UP
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS SAMPLE 1: PCM 21 SAMPLE 2 : PCM 25 SAMPLE 3: PCM 31
TOTAL HEAT STORED IN SAMPLES SAMPLE 1: PCM 21 maximum latent heat storage in the physical measurements maximum latent heat storage by Rubitherm Cummulative heat (J/m 2 ) 5 4 3 2 1 SAMPLE 2: PCM 25 #10 6 9 maximum latent heat storage by 8 Rubitherm maximum latent 7 heat storage in the physical measurements 6 0 01/05 11:04 23:36 02/05 08:24 17:30 Date and Time Cummulative heat (J/m 2 ) #10 6 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SAMPLE 3: PCM 31 0 24/04 17:07 26/04 05:49 15:25 Date and Time maximum latent heat storage by Rubitherm maximum latent heat storage in the physical measurements
SUMMER DAY FACADE PERSPECTIVES SUMMER NIGHT WINTER DAY WINTER NIGHT
WINTER DAY WINTER NIGHT THE PERFORMANCE
SUMMER DAY SUMMER NIGHT
THE DESIGN +- 0.00 ELEVATION SCALE: 1:50 INNER ELEVATION SCALE: 1:50 + 0.10
C PANELS B PANELS A PANELS B PANELS FACADE COMPONENTS C PANELS B PANELS A PANELS
FACADE ASPECTS UNITIZED FACADE SYSTEM System control Flexibility Transparency Maintenance Time Energy efficiency Cost Material use Complexity
DESIGNER S MANUAL
STEP 1 THE CHOICE OF PCM TYPE FACADE LEVEL PARAFFINS OR SALT HYDRATES? SALT HYDRATES 愀渀甀愀氀 cost effective chemical stable cost effective thermal instability flammable large volume alteration in the phase change 20-112 o C melting temperature range prone to leakage non- flammable small volume alteration in the phase change heat storage 0-95 o C melting temperature range temperature prone to supercooling ANSWER
STEP 2 PCM TO GLAZING RATIO GLAZING PCM A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE 20% GLAZING 80% PCM 30-40% GLAZING 70-60% PCM
STEP 3 MELTING TEMPERATURE 0 C A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE SP21 (21 0 C) SP25 (25 0 C) SP21 (21 0 C)
STEP 4 PCM TYPE 2 PCM COMBINATIONS PCM TYPE 1 HIGH PCM TYPE 3 MEDIUM LOW TEMPERATURE RANGE A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE SP21 - SP25 - SP29 SP21 - SP25 - SP31 SP11 - SP21 - SP25 SP11 - SP21 - SP29
STEP 6 PCM PROTECTION 60 0 C SUN PROTECTION MAXIMUM OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE INTENSE SOLAR IRRADIATION INTEGRATED SHADING SYSTEM MEDIUM SOLAR IRRADIATION ADAPTIVE SHADING SYSTEM
STEP 7 RESPONSIVENESS SUMMER WINTER HEAT RELEASE HEAT STORAGE HEAT STORAGE AVOID OVERHEATING HEAT STORAGE SOLID T air < T PCM LIQUID T air > T PCM HEAT RELEASE TO THE OUTSIDE NIGHT COOLING HEAT RELEASE TO THE INSIDE
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