Sustainable Energy Conversion of Solid Wastes with Integrated In-Situ Carbon Sequestration Ah-Hyung Alissa Park Earth and Environmental Engineering & Chemical Engineering Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy Columbia University October 7 th, 2010
Interstate Transport of Municipal Solid Wastes (Congressional Research Service)
Coal-fired Power Plants
Projected Global Energy Demand & Supply The world energy demand is projected to increase by over 40% in the next two decades Fossil Fuels will remain the dominant source
Petroleum-based vs. Synthetic Liquid Fuels 80 70 60 Crude Oil Price ($/Barrel) 50 40 30 20 10 Steynberg, (2006) 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 US$ of the day (Nominal) 2003 US$ (Real)
Our Research Goals Use domestic energy sources to achieve energy independence with environmental sustainability CO 2 Wind, Hydro Fossil Nuclear Geo Solar Refining Synthesis Gas Gasoline Diesel Jet Fuel Ethanol Heat Electricity Use carbon neutral energy sources such as biomass & MSW Nuclear Biomass Integrate carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies into the energy conversion systems Fossil Wind, Hydro Biomass Geo Municipal Solid Solid Wastes Wastes Methanol Carbon DME Hydrogen CCS Chemicals
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Options CO 2 Removal Separation Transportation Sequestration Necessary Characteristics - Capacity and price - Environmentally benign fate - Stability
Carbon Capture From concentrated sources Physical and chemical absorption and adsorption, Cryogenic separation, membrane separation, reactionbased sorbent injection Oxyfuel combustion Integrated Carbon Capture Technologies: ZECA, HyPr- Ring process, ALSTOM process, GE fuel-flexible process, Calcium looping process, Coal-direct chemical looping reforming process and Syngas redox process, Membrane process From diffuse sources
Carbon Capture Schemes From concentrated sources vs. diffuse sources Integrated Carbon Capture Technologies Source: NETL, 2008
Carbon Capture Most widely employed CO 2 capture method is using Typical Amine Scrubbing Process Concerns with Amine Scrubbing Technology 1.High parasitic energy penalty 2.High cost - capital and operating 3.Corrosion & degradation (due to SO 2, O 2, particulate, etc) 4.High vapor pressure leads to fugitive emissions (Goff et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004) 10
Liquid NIMS comprised of 14 nm SiO2 particle core, a tertiary amine, (CH3O)3Si(CH2)3N+(CH3)(C10H21)2, corona and an organic sulfonate (C13H27(OCH2CH2)7O(CH2)3SO3-) [Ss] counterion. Carbon Capture Schemes From concentrated sources vs. diffuse sources Integrated Carbon Capture Technologies Source: NETL, 2008
Carbon Capture Schemes From concentrated sources vs. diffuse sources Integrated Carbon Capture Technologies Source: NETL, 2008
High Temperature Sorbent Injection Carbonation and Calcination Cycle Equilibrium Temperature for CO 2 ( o C) Equilibrium Partial Pressure for H 2 O (atm) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 10 100 P H2 O P CO2 Carbonation 10 1 1 Calcination 0.1 0.1 0.01 Equilibrium Partial Pressure for CO 2 (atm) Regenerable PCC Ca(OH) 2 CaO + H 2 O Carbonation CaO + CO 2 CaCO 3 Calcination CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 0.01 300 400 500 600 700 0.001 Equilibrium Temperature for H 2 O ( o C)
Gasification-Based Energy Production System Concepts Fly Ash By-Product Sulfur By-Product Slag By-Product Steigel and Ramezan, 2006
Alternative Energy Sources Synthetic Fuel Options Fermentation of sugars/cellulose Ethanol Esterification of oils/fats Biodiesel Gasification of any organic material Hydrocarbon fuel MSW Facts Plastic Waste in the US 12% of landfilled waste < 1% in1960 Recovery 6.8% overall recycled 36.6% PET 28% HDPE Need for liquid hydrocarbon fuels Embodied energy in waste Oil is a non-renewable resource Politically instability (EPA 2007)
GHG Emissions GHG Emissions in thousand t CO2- eq/y Lower bound Upper Bound MWP 1 4.4 274 MWP 2 2.2 135 G-FT 1 5.6 350 G-FT 2 2.9 180 G-FT 3 1.1 69
Big Picture H 2 O (g) + CO (g) CO 2(g) + H 2(g) M(OH) 2(s) MO (s) + H 2 O (g) MO (s) + CO 2(g) MCO 3(s)
Process Integration 1 Effect of CO2 Removal on WGS 1 0.95 0.9 WGS Conversion 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 Standard WGS Enhanced WGS Carbonation 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Carbonation Conversion 0.65 0.1 0.6 25 75 125 175 225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575 625 675 0 Temperature (C) Low-Temperature Shift High -Temperature Shift
CO + H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 Sulfur removal H 2 O CO 2 H 2 syngas MO M M M MO 1-x Gasification MO MO 1-x Oxidation COAL Heat Recovery Steam Steam O 2 from Air Separation Unit Schematic of Chemical Looping process for hydrogen production: U.S. Provisional Patent Series No. 11/010,648 (2004) (Fan s group at OSU)
Reduction of Iron-based Sorbents (under H 2 condition) 100 Pure Fe2O3 Weight % 90 80 Fe2O3 synthesized from Fe extracted from serpentine Precipitated with the presence of support 70 60 0 1 2 3 Time (min)
Engineered Particles Micropores (<2 nm) Mesopores (2-50 nm) Pore pluggage and Pore Mouth Closure Precipiated calcium carbonate (PCC) CaCO 3
9.95 Effect of ph on PCC synthesis 10.25 Measured PSD 11.3 did not change significantly but 11.45 morphological structures changed 12.74 13.49
20 C Effect of T on PCC synthesis Measured PSD 40 C did not change significantly but morphological 60 C structures changed 80 C
Controlled Precipitation of MgCO 3 Effect of Temperature Desired particle characteristics: ~2 µm, narrow PSD High Reflectivity Uniform Spherical/rosette shape
Future directions Development of Multifunctional smart particles (e.g. capture carbon and sulfur at the same time) Integrated systems (e.g. chemical looping technologies, ZECA, and enhanced WGS using mineral carbonation) Process intensification and flexibility (production of heat, electricity, chemicals and fuels (e.g. hydrogen and liquid fuels) in any combination Combined Technology of Carbon Capture and Storage
Acknowledgement KAUST Department of Energy
Thank you