Early and High Middle Ages
Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms: 1000-1300 Nobility began to extend power Formation Monarchies Would eventually come to be European States
Feudalism
Kings Limited by nobles Divine favor Land for Knights Alliances and marriages for power Eventually: Kings found a way to strengthen governmental institutions Led to growth in commerce and cities
England Conflict over crown Switched from Saxon control to Norman control (1066) William of Normandy created a strong centralized monarchy. (Oath of Salisbury Plain 1086) Repercussions in France: William was still a duke of Normandy
England Cont. Magna Carta (1215) King John was forced to sign it Regulated the relationship between kings and vassals Limited rather than Absolute Defined Rights and Liberties later applied to all English People
England Cont. Edward 1 st Began process of uniting British Isles Took Wales but unable to Conquer Scotland Define English parliament Originally a council with king, judges, church officials and elite. Focused on Judicial Affairs that transformed by allowing knights and residents (House of commons) to deal with taxes.
French Kingdom Capetian Dynasty Little Real Power Control Royal Domain (pg 248) Other lords had more power Influenced greatly by England
Philip Augustus II (1180-1223) Realized France's Potential Successfully gained territory through warfare Quadrupled the income of the French Monarchy Created France's First Royal Bureaucracy
Louis IX (1226-1270) Deeply religious Known for his attempt to bring justice Played a major role in two of the later Crusades Died in an Invasion of North Africa from Dysentery
French Kingdom Cont. Philip IV Brought French parliament into Being Strengthened Royal Monarchy and Bureaucracy Became Very strong. Began 1160. Ended 1250 1345 Prime example of French art at the time. Sculptures (Naturalism) Architecture (French Gothic)
Spanish Kingdom Controlled by Islamic world since 8 th century Weakening Muslim power (Christian Reconquest) Until 15 th century Fueros (Disputes, Regulations, Militia, Protection) More tolerant than other states King of three Religions (King Alfonso 1252-1284)
Reconquista
Lands of the Holy Roman Empire Italy and Germany: No national monarchy in the Middle Ages. Would not unify until the 19 th century Loose confederations of petty independent states Under vague directions of King or Emperor Unlike France and England
Germany Great Lords chose weak kings German Kings Intervened in Italy (Exploit resources) Holy Roman Empire Wanted Italy as an appendage of the Empire Made of many states
Italy Northern Italy: Important nobles struggled for power. Resilient to German Invasion Central Italy: Under Control of Papal States Southern Italy: Lombard Dukes, Muslims and and Byzantines were in conflict. Later subdued and turned into the Kingdom of Sicily Papal power was afraid of German Enclosure
Fredrick I and Fredrick II Fredrick I -Known as Barbarossa -Attempted to center the Holy Empire In Italy -Failed to Conquer Northern Italy -Later came and negotiated -Financial Base -Influence in Southern Italy Married his son (Henry IV) to heiress of Southern Italy Fredrick died gave control to Henry IV. Henry died and the empire began to collapse.
Fredrick II - Son oh Henry IV - Brilliant Fredrick I and Fredrick II - Established strong Centralized Kingdom of Sicily - Wanted Northern Italy but failed to do so because of papal and northern resistance. - Fredrick dies and Italy enters Political Confusion - Next Holy Roman Emperors had no real power in Italy of Germany.