Objective of the study Identification of source/sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O and tco 2 e); Development of GIS-based gridded emission inventory of GHGs (2 km 2 km resolution) from identified sources in District; District Level GHG Emission Inventory GHG abatement through various natural sinks; Action Plan to mitigate and Adaptation. Develop GIS based decision based tool for Air Pollution.
Objective of the study Source Any process or activity that releases a GHG (such as CO 2 and CH 4 ) into the atmosphere. A carbon pool can be a source of carbon to the atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it. Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a GHG from the atmosphere. A given pool can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if during a given time interval more carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it.
Methodology Identification of GHGs sources (power generation, industry, etc.) Collection of activity data (Fuel usage, VKT, etc Categorization sources (Area, Point & Line sources Map digitization on GIS, 2 2 grid generation, shape file for water bodies, roads, settlements, etc Digital Data Generation Selection of emission factors (IPCC, USEPA, India) GHGs Emission Estimation in 2 2 grid Generation of spatially resolved emission maps
Methodology Source Category Area Source (Stack Height < 20m) Point Source (Stack Height > 20m) Line Source Hotels/ Restaurants Domestic Cooking MSW Burning Cropland Wetland Drains Industries DG Sets Aircrafts Biomass Burning Green Cover Livestock Landfill Brick Klin Cremation Power Plants Industries Incinerator DG sets Vehicles 2W 3W 4W LCV Buses Trucks
Developing Emission inventory for base year: 2014 Identification and Grouping of Sources for GHGs Emission Inventory : Ø On-the-field exercise was taken up to physically identify GHGs sources Ø Emission sources ranging from refuse burning, coal/coke burnt by small restaurants to large units like power plants and various vehicle types Secondary data sources: Ø Census of India Ø Airport Authority of India (AAI) Ø Central Electricity Authority (CEA) Ø Development Authority of respective cities Ø Forest Survey of India (FSI) Ø Scientific Literatures Ø Websites
Digital Data Generation Digitization of spatial map : ØLand-use map of the study area is prepared in following terms: Settlements Forests Agriculture, Road network Water bodies etc. Lucknow Kanpur Varanasi
Emission Factor and Estimation An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of GHGs released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that GHG. The IPCC and USEPA emission factors were used in this study. GHG Emissions = Activity Data x Emission Factor x Global Warming Potential (GWP) An index, based upon radiative properties of well mixed greenhouse gases, measuring the radiative forcing of a unit mass of a given well mixed green-house gas in today s atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide. Gas 100 year GWP CH 4 25 N 2 O 298 IPCC Tier -2 Approach is used to calculate GHG emissions. Assessment of GHG sinks and grid map generation is under progress
Source Power plants MSW Burning Domestic Croplands Brick Kiln Livestock Industry Area source Restaurants Green Cover DG Sets Cremation Aircraft Drains Wetlands Landfills Industrial point source Vehicles Fuel/Process Coal, Gas, LDO, HSD Burning LPG, Wood, Crop Residue, Coal Rice Cultivation Wood, Coal Enteric Fermentation; Manure Management HSD, LDO LPG, Coal Forest, Settlement, Grassland HSD, LDO Wood Air Fuel Organic Degradation Organic Degradation Degradation Coal, Gas, LDO, HSD Petrol, Diesel, CNG
GHG Emissions from Hotel/Restaurants The total number of big hotels and restaurant enterprises were 2125, 1828, 1740 in Lucknow, Kanpur and Varanasi respectively (primary field survey and relevant websites). The common fuel in tandoor is coal and LPG. The fuel consumption for each fuel type was estimated. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 5 42996 0.72 43333 Kanpur 5 36987 0.62 37276 Varanasi 4 35206 0.59 35482
GHG Emissions from Domestic Sector The data on number of household, fuel usage (coal, LPG, crop residue, cow dung and wood) and population were collected from Census of India (2011). District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 122 1304821 40 1319916 Kanpur 172 1330599 41 1347243 Varanasi 290 1531695 53 1554701
GHG Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Burning The refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW) burning depends on solid waste generation, extent of disposal and infrastructure for collection District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 46 130675 6 133641 Kanpur 34 95829 4 98003 Varanasi 18 52270 2 53456
GHG Emissions from Commercial & Industrial Diesel Generator Sets (DG sets) DG sets are used as the source of power in shopping complexes and industries during power-cut hours. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 1.32 23159 0.60 23371 Kanpur 2.37 41687 1.08 42069 Varanasi 0.53 9395 0.24 9481
GHG Emissions from Agriculture The major GHGs emission from agriculture is from paddy cultivation and is in the form of CH4. The total agricultural area was taken from Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 7384 483715 21 674458 Kanpur 4780 313102 13 436568 Varanasi 7229 473534 20 660263
GHG Emissions from Croplands The cropland GHGs emission, excluding the paddy cultivation, is considered under this subhead. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 667 1334743 477 1493482 Kanpur 1169 2338593 835 2616718 Varanasi 610 1219950 436 1365037
GHG Emissions from Wetlands The GHG emission from wetlands is estimated using IPCC (2013) emission factor. Total wetlands area was obtained from National Wetland Atlas. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 58 19161 34 30901 Kanpur 89 29459 53 47508 Varanasi 45 14899 27 24027
GHG Emissions from Green Covers Trees capture carbon dioxide by taking it into their cells through photosynthesis. They then store the carbon in their bodies; a tree is comprised of about 50 percent carbon of its biomass. Some CO2 gets released back into the atmosphere through respiration, but the net effect is large carbon storage. The total green cover area was taken from India State of Forest Report (2014). District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 148 159967 72 185251 Kanpur 28 29761 13 34465 Varanasi 6 6377 3 7385
GHG Emissions from Livestock The major emissions of livestock are in the form of CH4. The total population of livestock was taken from Animal Husbandry Department. District Enteric Fermentation CH 4 (tonne/year) Manure Management tco 2 e (tonne/year) Lucknow 32402 3268 891755 Kanpur 35366 3643 975222 Varanasi 30640 2982 840541
GHG Emissions from Cremation The information pertaining to total number of deaths in Delhi was obtained from office of the registrar general, India. The woods required per body for the cremation is taken as 216 kg (Sharma, 2010). District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 0.70 9129 0.35 9251 Kanpur 0.39 5099 0.20 5167 Varanasi 0.19 2433 0.09 2466
GHG Emissions from Aircrafts The Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, Lal Bahadur Shastri International and Ganesh Shanker Vidhyarthi Airport is the primary airport of Lucknow, Varanasi and Kanpur respectively. The number of flights at Lucknow and Varanasi airport is obtained from airport authority of India. The Kanpur airport is not frequently operational for commercial airlines, so the emission is zero from the Kanpur airport. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 0 8 0 8 Kanpur 0 0 0 0 Varanasi 0 5 0 5
GHG Emissions from Landfills The emission flux values were obtained (Ranjan, et al 2014). The major landfill site in Kanpur is Panki dumpsite. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 262 262 2.40 7520 Kanpur 4618 4618 42 132679 Varanasi 53 53 0.48 1517
GHG Emissions from Industries as Area Sources All industries having stack height below 25 m have been considered as an industrial area source. Majority of the industries have small boilers and some also have cupola furnaces. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 1.46 8627 0.32 8760 Kanpur 1.12 14257 0.29 14371 Varanasi 0.47 5196 0.08 5233
GHG Emissions from Drains Methane is the major GHG that is emitted by wastewater flowing through the drains. There is constant flux of CH4 from wastewater discharged from the households, which travels through drains to river or to the treatment plants. District CH 4 (tonne/year) tco 2 e (tonne/year) Lucknow 307 7681 Kanpur 1717 42921 Varanasi 141 3524
GHG Emissions from Point Sources The industries having stack height of more than 25 m have been taken as point source. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 3 31505 1 31932 Kanpur 159 1430734 24 1441717 Varanasi 0.18 2719 22 9185
GHG Emissions from Brick Kiln The brick kiln is one of prominent source of GHG emission in three cities. These kilns are located just outside the urban boundary. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 45 467014 7 470326 Kanpur 46 483497 8 486923 Varanasi 44 468846 7 472172
GHG Emissions from Vehicular-Line Sources The average daily flow of vehicles in each hour for 2Ws, 3Ws, 4Ws, LCVs, Buses and Trucks at different locations were obtained by video recording at major junctions of the three cities. District CH 4 CO 2 N 2 O tco 2 e tonne/year Lucknow 2945 3112580 89 3212594 Kanpur 1567 2907447 95 2975065 Varanasi 562 1053667 36 1078437
Lucknow District Level GHG Emissions - Year 2014 The overall GHG emission inventory for the Lucknow districts is presented in Table below. The tco2e emission load in the Lucknow district is 142X104 (t/y) Source CH 4 CH 4 (%) CO 2 X 10 4 CO 2 (%) N 2 O N 2 O (%) tco 2 X 104 tco 2 e (%) Hotel 5 0.0 4 0.6 1 0.1 0 0.0 Domestic 122 0.3 130 18.3 40 5.4 2 1.1 MSW Burning 46 0.1 13 1.8 6 0.8 0 0.2 DG Set 1 0.0 2 0.3 1 0.1 0 0.0 Agriculture 7384 15.5 48 6.8 21 2.7 19 13.5 Cropland 667 1.4 133 18.7 477 63.4 16 11.2 Wetlands 58 0.1 2 0.3 34 4.6 1 0.8 Green Cover 148 0.3 16 2.2 72 9.6 3 1.8 Livestock 35670 74.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 89 63.0 Cremation 1 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Aircraft 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Landfill 262 0.5 0 0.0 2 0.3 1 0.5 Industries as Area 1 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Drains 307 0.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.5 Industrial Point 3 0.0 3 0.4 1 0.2 0 0.0 Brick Klin 45 0.1 47 6.6 7 1.0 0 0.2 Vehicle 2945 6.2 311 43.7 89 11.8 10 7.1 Total 47666 100 713 100 752 100 142 100
Lucknow District Level tco2e Emissions - Year 2014 The tco2e emission load in the Lucknow district is 142 X 104 (t/y). The top three contributors to tco2e emission are Livestock (63%), Agriculture (14%) & Croplands (11%) 0.01 0.77 0 0.73 0.01 89.18 0.04 0.34 10.03 0.03 1.52 0.3 0.02 19.08 Emission in 10 4 (t/y). 15.89 1.17 2.53 Hotel Domestic MSW Burning DG Set Agriculture Cropland Wetlands Green Cover Livestock Cremation Aircraft Landfill Industries as Area Drains Industrial Point Brick Klin Vehicle
Kanpur District Level GHG Emissions - Year 2014 The overall GHG emission inventory for the Kanpur districts is presented in Table below. The tco2e emission load in the Kanpur district is 167 X104 (t/y) Sources CH 4 CH 4 (%) CO 2 X 10 4 CO 2 (%) N 2 O N 2 O (%) tco 2 X 104 tco 2 e (%) Hotel 4 0.0 4 0.4 1 0.1 0 0.0 Domestic 172 0.3 133 14.7 41 3.7 2 1.0 MSW Burning 34 0.1 10 1.1 4 0.4 0 0.1 DG Set 2 0.0 4 0.5 1 0.1 0 0.0 Agriculture 4780 9.0 31 3.5 13 1.2 12 7.4 Cropland 1169 2.2 234 25.8 835 73.8 28 16.6 Wetlands 90 0.2 3 0.3 53 4.7 2 1.1 Green Cover 28 0.1 3 0.3 13 1.2 0 0.3 Livestock 39009 73.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 98 58.3 Cremation 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Aircraft 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Landfill 4618 8.6 0 0.1 42 3.7 13 7.7 Industries as Area 1 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 Drains 1717 3.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 2.6 Industrial Point 159 0.3 143 15.8 24 2.1 1 0.7 Brick Klin 46 0.1 48 5.3 8 0.7 0 0.2 Vehicle 1567 2.9 291 32.1 95 8.4 7 4.1 Total 53396 100 906 100 1132 100 167 100
Kanpur District Level tco2e Emissions - Year 2014 The tco2e emission load in the Lucknow district is 142 X 104 (t/y). The top three contributors to tco2e emission are Livestock (63%), Agriculture (14%) & Croplands (11%) 0.01 1.11 4.29 0.01 0 12.81 97.52 0.35 6.79 0.03 1.68 0.04 12.35 0.22 27.84 Emission in 10 4 (t/y). 1.81 0.47 Hotel Domestic MSW Burning DG Set Agriculture Cropland Wetlands Green Cover Livestock Cremation Aircraft Landfill Industries as Area Drains Industrial Point Brick Klin Vehicle
Varanasi District Level GHG Emissions - Year 2014 The overall GHG emission inventory for the Varanasi districts is presented in Table below. The tco2e emission load in the Varanasi district is 125 X1044 (t/y) Sources CH 4 CH 4 (%) CO 2 X 10 4 CO 2 (%) N 2 O N 2 O (%) tco 2 X 104 tco 2 e (%) Hotel 4 0.0 4 0.7 1 0.1 0 0.0 Domestic 290 0.7 153 31.4 53 8.7 2 1.9 MSW Burning 18 0.0 5 1.1 2 0.4 0 0.1 DG Set 1 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 Agriculture 7229 17.0 47 9.7 20 3.3 19 15.0 Cropland 610 1.4 122 25.0 436 71.7 15 11.6 Wetlands 45 0.1 1 0.3 27 4.4 1 0.7 Green Cover 6 0.0 1 0.1 3 0.5 0 0.1 Livestock 33622 78.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 84 67.4 Cremation 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Aircraft 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Landfill 53 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.1 0 0.1 Industries as Area 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Drains 141 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 Industrial Point 0 0.0 0 0.1 22 3.6 1 0.5 Brick Klin 45 0.1 47 9.6 7 1.2 0 0.3 Vehicle 562 1.3 105 21.6 36 5.9 2 2.0 Total 42626 100 488 100 607 100 125 100
Varanasi District Level tco2e Emissions - Year 2014 The tco2e emission load in the Varanasi district is 125 X104 (t/y). The top three contributors to tco2e emission are Livestock (67%), Agriculture (14%) and Croplands (12%) 0.15 0.34 2.49 Hotel 0.03 2.32 0.35 0.65 0.12 0 0.01 18.68 14.52 84.05 0.91 0.1 Emission in 10 4 (t/y). Domestic MSW Burning DG Set Agriculture Cropland Wetlands Green Cover Livestock Cremation Aircraft Landfill Industries as Area Drains Industrial Point Brick Klin Vehicle
District Level top contributors: A comparison 19 16 10 89 28 13 12 98 19 15 2 84 Livestock Agriculture Livestock Cropland Livestock Agriculture Cropland Vehicle Landfill Agriculture Cropland Vehicle Lucknow Total Emission = 142 X 10 4 (t/y). Kanpur Total Emission = 167 X 10 4 (t/y). Varanasi Total Emission = 125 X 10 4 (t/y).
Action Plan on Climate Change Ø Leaving of Parking Fee at Public parking on Off-Peak hours. Ø Operation of Metro Trains at Kanpur and Varanasi. Ø Repairs of all Unpaved roads and Mechanical sweeping and water sprinklings at major vehicle intersections. Ø Restriction of Loaded Trucks inside the city premises. Ø Leaving of Parking Fee at Public parking on Off-Peak hours. Ø Operation of Metro Trains at Kanpur and Varanasi. Ø Repairs of all Unpaved roads and Mechanical sweeping and water sprinklings at major vehicle intersections. Ø Restriction of Loaded Trucks inside the city premises.
Action Plan on Climate Change Ø Increase the number of CNG gas stations, promote clean fuels at Commercial and Industrial Establishments. Ø Switching over to Euro -4 Norms for petrol and diesel. Ø Phasing out of more than 15 years vehicles. Ø Regulations on PUC certification stations. Ø Promote National gas based Power Generation in UP. Ø De-sulfurization Plants in all coal based plants. Ø Regulation on DG sets run in Industries and Commercial Establishments. Ø Identification and Regulation on burning of coal and wood in hotels /Restaurants/Biolers. Ø Distribute the electrical base heaters to security/other staff in residential colonies to discourage them in burning coal/wood.
Action Plan on Climate Change Ø Public Awareness on GHC/ Emissions. Ø Issue advisories in case of emissions reach at alarming level. Ø Restriction in burning of garbage at Landfill sites or other illegal site through penalty mechanisms. Ø Regulate the Incinerators for SWM/BMW to comply the Air Quality norms. Ø Robust dust collection systems in ongoing construction projects/mining. Ø Compliance of fly Ash norms and Implementation of Pollution control norms at Thermal Power Plants. Ø Regulation of Agriculture crop residue burning and incentivize farmers to go for Rotavators/Happy crop seeding and double harvesting systems.
Action Plan on Climate Change Ø Promote Carbon Neutral Strategies in UP viz; Energy Efficiency (*rating) in Government/Commercial Buildings, Green building code, maximize the use of solar energy in street lightening,open areas, agriculture, use of bio-energy in rural areas. Promotion of LPG/CNG in rural to BPL (PMUY). Ø Mass plantation in 5ha or more for sinks. Ø Promotion of Agro-forestry, Community forests and linking with livelihood. Ø Climate resilient seeds, crops, intercropping, organic farming, climate advisories, climate field schools awareness in farmers. Ø Addition of 500 MW of grid interactive solar power in five years to bridge the conventional energy demand-supply gap. Ø Promote pilot scale (2 MW) grid-interactive pilot scale roof top solar power plants
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