Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007

Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007 status 31.12. 2007

Editorship: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover, Germany Published by: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources www.bgr.bund.de

Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007 - Annual Report 2007 -

Source of photos on cover sheet: Sandro Schmidt StatoilHydro Atlas Shrugs ( Yellow Cake Uranium oxide) Address: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Referat für Schriftenpublikationen und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover Germany Telefon: (0511) 643 3470 Telefax: (0511) 643 2304 e-mail: t.schubert@bgr.de Authors: Hilmar Rempel Sandro Schmidt Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera With contributions from: Bernhard Cramer Jürgen Messner Layout: Gabriele Ebenhöch Graphics: Uwe Benitz Edition dated: 09.12.2008

Contents Preface 1 Introduction 7 2 Global Reserves, Resources and Production 10 3 Regional Aspects 14 4 Individual Energy Resources 19 Crude Oil 19 Natural Gas 22 Coal 24 Uranium 28 Thorium 29 5 Summary and Conclusions 30 References 32 Annex Tables 27 Crude Oil 35 Natural Gas 45 Coal 56 Uranium 71 Glossary 77

Preface This annual report analyses reserves, resources, production and consumption of crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and thorium throughout the world at the end of 2007. The report is based on data and information available in the BGR-database, reports from energy-related organisations, political institutions, published information (including that of the industry) and other sources. This is an update of the previous BGR 2006 annual report. It forms part of BGR s advisory service to the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Data published in this report is the basis for a new detailed study of energy resources due to be released in May 2009. This report will discuss the occurrence and distribution of worldwide energy resources and their future availability. With respect to the energy markets, the following trends could be observed: In 2007 the discussion on peak oil (maximum rate of global conventional oil production) and availability of crude oil was stimulated by increasing oil prices. For the first time since 2003 global oil production in 2007 did not exceed the previous annual production (2006). This maximum in oil production as well high oil prices were not caused by lack of field capacity, but mainly by cuts in OPEC production. Nevertheless, oil is expected to be the first energy commodity running into actual shortage. Natural gas will be available in sufficient quantities in the foreseeable future and it will cover the expected demand for several decades to come. Coal has the biggest potential of the nonrenewable energy resources. The expected future demand can be met for many decades. For the first time this report takes into account prognostic additional hard coal resources in the United States which were not incorporated previously. As a result hard coal resources increased significantly. From a geological point of view, there is no shortfall in supply expected for nuclear resources during the next decades.

INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Energy is the driving force behind our society and industry. The supply of energy is a prerequisite for their functioning. Germany is highly dependent on energy imports. Figure 1 compares the requirements and the degree of dependency on imports with respect to the different types of energy fuels for the years 1997 and 2007. It can be seen that Germany has become increasingly dependent on imports especially hard coal and natural gas. Nearly all of the supply of crude oil has to be imported. Due to the small amount of domestic production and reserves, Germany will become even more dependent on the import of energy fuels. Fig. 1: Energy consumption and imports of Germany in 1997 and 2007 (Sources: AGEB 2008, BGR database) Primary energy consumption has increased worldwide by about 70 % during the last three decades (Fig. 2). There was a fast increase in oil and natural gas consumption while coal consumption almost stagnated up to 2002. Subsequently the need for coal reached its highest level for years, owing to the sharp increase in Chinese coal consumption. The reference scenario (RS) of IEA s World Energy Outlook 2007 (WEO) from November 2007 (IEA 2007) will be used to describe the possible development of the future demand for energy resources. In this scenario, fossil fuels will be the main energy source for several decades to come. They will account for about 84 % of the increasing demand between 2005 and 2030. The demand for crude oil is predicted to rise at an annual rate of 1.3 %. The main increase will take place in the transport sector (1.8 %/a). 7

INRODUCTION Fig. 2: Development of primary energy consumption worldwide (cumulative) and projections of IEA until 2030 (sources: BP and IEA, 2007) The predicted oil demand in the order of 5.6 Gt in the year 2030 may lead to a bottleneck in supply. According to the IEA, capital investment costs of US$22 trillion up to 2030 are necessary in order to secure these energy requirements. More than 50 % thereof is required for power plant projects, US$3.1 trillion for the oil sector and US$4.2 trillion for the gas sector. A further US$0.6 trillion are required for coal projects. It is anticipated that trading in energy will rapidly increase. This will particularly apply to crude oil and natural gas for which a doubling of the quantities is expected. The dependency of the OECD countries on energy imports will increase further. Therefore, securing the energy supply will become a vital issue. More than one fifth of the world population has no access to electricity and two fifths use traditional biomass to meet their energy demand. Sufficient energy must therefore be supplied at an affordable price. At the same time, the environmental compatibility of the energy policy must be taken into consideration. As from 2004, not only has there been a sharp increase in crude oil prices, but also in other fuel prices (Fig. 3). In 2007, annual average prices for hard coal, crude oil and natural gas were more than 2.5 times higher than those of 2002. The price for uranium even raised seven fold. This price increase can be attributed to several different reasons (see ch. 4). 8

INTRODUCTION Fig. 3: Development of nominal fuel prices from 1960 to 2007 (annual averages) 9

GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION 2 Global Reserves, Resources and Production As far as is possible the same terms have been used for the classification of reserves and resources for all energy commodities. For hydrocarbons, the definitions given by the World Petroleum Congress (WPC) and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) are used worldwide. The definitions of the classes used for the individual energy resources are given in the Glossary. The reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels at the end of 2006 and 2007 are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The figures in Table 1 are quoted in the units normally used for each type of fuel. To facilitate comparison, the amounts are given in tonnes of coal equivalent (tce) and exajoules (EJ) (Table 2). The changes in reserves and resources of each fuel type (Tab. 1 and 2) are briefly discussed here but will be described in more detail in chapter 4. Non-renewable fuel reserves (i.e., those quantities currently technologically and economically recoverable) amounted to about 39,100 EJ or 1,330 Gtce at the end of 2007 (Tab. 2). The slight decrease of reserves (465 EJ) compared to the previous year was mainly caused by a decrease in hard coal and uranium reserves. or 17,200 Gtce at the end of 2007 (Tab. 2). This shows an increase of about 48 % in relation to 2006. These changes were the result of higher estimates of hard coal and lignite resources (see ch. 4). The coal resources comprise nearly 83 % of all non-renewable fuels, which is even more than their share with respect to the world s reserves (Fig. 4). Natural gas resources amount to about 13 % (conventional gas 1.6 %, non-conventional gas 11.6 %), followed by crude oil (about 3 %) and nuclear fuels (almost 2 %). The annual production of all fuels totals 439 EJ, the reserves amount to 39,105 EJ and the resources are in the order of 504,161 EJ. The ratio of annual production to reserves and to resources is about 1 to 90 to 1150. Given the amount of estimated global fuel reserves, it may be assumed that the world s energy demand can be covered for quite some time. This, however, does not apply to conventional oil which will last for a shorter period. Coal reserves are the largest, amounting to about 53 % of the non-renewable fuel reserves (Fig. 4). Crude oil reserves account for 25 % (conventional and non-conventional 17.5 % and 7.1 %, respectively), followed by natural gas with almost 18 % and nuclear fuels at about 4 %. The resources (i.e. both those demonstrated quantities that cannot be recovered at current prices with current technologies but might be recoverable in the future and those that are geologically possible but not demonstrated) of non-renewable fuels, amounted to 504,200 EJ 10

GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Table 1: Reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels in 2006 and 2007 (given in units usually used for every fuel type) Fuel Reserves Resources 2006 2007 2006 2007 Crude oil* 164 Gt 164 Gt 82 Gt 82 Gt Natural gas* 181 T.m³ 183 T.m³ 207 T.m³ 207 T.m³ Conventional hydrocarbons* 328 Gtoe 330 Gtoe 270 Gtoe 270 Gtoe Oil sands / Extra heavy oil 65 Gt 65 Gt 66 Gt 66 Gt Oil shale 1 Gt 1 Gt 184 Gt 184 Gt Non-conventional oil 66 Gtoe 66 Gtoe 250 Gtoe 250 Gtoe Tight gas 1 T.m³ 1 T.m³ 90 T.m³ 90 T.m³ Coal-bed methane 1 T.m³ 1 T.m³ 143 T.m³ 143 T.m³ Aquifer gas - - 800 T.m³ 800 T.m³ Gas hydrates - - 500 T.m³ 500 T.m³ Non-conventional natural gas ca. 2 T.m³ ca. 2 T.m³ 1,533 T,m³ 1,533 T,m³ Non-conventional hydrocarbons HYDROCARBONS total* 69 Gtoe 69 Gtoe 1,642 Gtoe 1,642 Gtoe 397 Gtoe 398 Gtoe 1,912 Gtoe 1,912 Gtoe Hard coal 627 Gt SKE 602 Gt SKE 7,613 Gt SKE 12,519 Gt SKE Lignite 100 Gt SKE 110 Gt SKE 1,097 Gt SKE 1,693 Gt SKE COAL total 726 Gt SKE 711 Gt SKE 8,710 Gt SKE 14,212 Gt SKE Uranium 1.95 Mt U 1) 1.77 Mt U 1) 5.32 Mt U 2) 7.54 Mt U 3) 5.47 Mt U 2) 10.54 Mt U 3) Thorium 2.16 Mt Th 2.16 Mt Th 2.35 Mt Th 2.35 Mt Th * updated for 2006 Totals can differ due to rounding 1) 2) 3) RAR recoverable for less than $40/kg U Sum of RAR recoverable from $40-$130/kg U plus IR (inferred resources) Speculative resources 11

GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Table 2: Reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels in 2006 and 2007 (in Gtce and EJ) Fuel Reserves [Gtce] Resources [Gtce] Reserves [EJ (10 18 J)] Resources [EJ (10 18 J)] 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 Crude oil* 234 234 117 117 6,848 6,835 3,430 3,430 Natural gas* 235 237 268 268 6,891 6,948 7,857 7,857 Conventional hydrocarbons* 469 471 385 385 13,740 13,783 11,287 11,287 Oil sands / Extra heavy oil 93 93 94 94 2,720 2,720 2,761 2,761 Oil shale 1 1 263 263 42 42 7,699 7,699 Non-conventional oil 94 94 357 357 2,761 2,761 10,460 10,460 Tight gas 1 1 117 117 38 38 3,427 3,427 Coal-bed methane 1 1 185 185 38 38 5,445 5,445 Aquifer gas - - 1,038 1,038 - - 30,462 30,462 Gas hydrates - - 649 649 - - 19,000 19,000 Non-conventional natural gas 3 3 1,988 1,988 76 76 58,335 58,335 Non-conventional hydrocarbons 97 97 2,345 2,345 2,837 2,837 68,795 68,795 HYDROCARBONS total* 566 567 2,731 2,731 16,577 16,620 80,082 80,082 Hard coal 627 602 7,613 12,519 18,367 17,638 223,062 366,893 Lignite 100 110 1,097 1,693 2,919 3,214 32,132 49,623 COAL total 726 711 8,710 14,212 21,286 20,852 255,194 416,516 F OSSIL FUELS* 1,292 1,279 11,440 16,942 37,863 37,472 335,276 496,597 Uranium 1) 27 2) 25 2) 74 3) 77 3) 799 725 2,180 106 4) 148 4) 3,091 2,244 4,324 Thorium 5) 30 30 33 33 908 908 996 996 N UCLEAR FUELS 58 55 213 257 1,707 1,633 6,268 7,564 NON-RENEWABLE FUELS* 1,350 1,334 11,653 17,199 39,570 39,105 341,543 504,161 * updated for 2006 Totals can differ due to rounding 1) 1 t U = 14,000 to 23,000 tce (the lower value is used in this report) or 1 t U = 0.5 10 15 J 2) RAR recoverable for less than $40/kg U 3) Sum of RAR recoverable from $40-$130$/kg U plus IR (inferred resources) 4) Speculative resources 5) 1 t Th is assumed to have the same tce value as 1 t U 12

GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Fig. 4: Annual production, reserves, and resources of the individual non-renewable fuels in 2007 (given in percent of the total) 13

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY 3 Regional Distribution and Availability Energy resources are spread unevenly across the globe. Regions and countries with rich deposits often do not coincide with those regions and countries with high energy consumption. Thus, world trade is of considerable significance in the energy sector. The regional distribution of resources, reserves, production and consumption of non-renewable fuels is shown in Figure 5, compiled on the basis of their energy content. The concrete figures for the individual energy fuels are listed in Tables 3 to 6. The majority of the energy resources is located in North America, where large quantities of coal, natural gas and crude oil occur. Following behind are the Austral-Asian countries, possessing considerable coal resources and the CIS countries where considerable coal resources as well as petroleum and natural gas resources exist. Austral-Asia possesses the largest energy reserves due to its high coal reserves, followed by North America, the CIS countries and the Middle East where considerable oil and gas reserves have been proven. Fig. 5: Regional distribution of resources, reserves, production, and consumption of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (on the basis of energy content) The highest annual energy fuel production took place in the Austral-Asian region. It has the highest coal production, especially China, and rather small oil and gas production. North America is the second largest producer of coal, oil and gas. Total annual production of fuels was somewhat less in the CIS countries (despite their high oil and gas production), and in the Middle East. The latter produced most of the oil but relatively little natural gas. The majority of the non-renewable fuels was consumed in the Austral-Asian region. China and India used most of the coal worldwide and also a lot of oil, followed by North America which consumed the largest amount of oil and natural gas but also coal to a lesser extent. In comparison, Europe used up considerably less energy despite its high oil and natural gas consumption. 14

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY Table 3: Regional distribution of reserves of non-renewable fuels in 2007 [in EJ] Region Crude oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Thorium Total conventional nonconventional conventional nonconventional Hard coal Lignite EJ Share Europe 100 42 220 8 510 613 0 252 1,746 4.5% CIS 709 397 2,216 4 3,107 1,367 150 7,950 20.3% Africa 672 21 549 708 0 79 21 2,048 5.2% Middle East 4,226 418 2,788 11 0 18 7,461 19.1% Austral-Asia 232 126 574 4 7,047 791 307 271 9,351 23.9% North America 266 1,297 304 60 5,999 398 111 108 8,544 21.8% Latin America 630 460 298 256 44 59 256 2,004 5.1% WORLD 6,835 2,761 6,948 76 17,638 3,214 725 908 39,105 100.0% OECD 408 1,736 596 66 7,566 1,332 402 498 12,604 32.2% EU-27 54 13 129 4 480 488 0 1,167 3.0% OPEC-13 5,270 837 3,469 4 101 58 9,739 24.9% Totals can differ due to rounding also with respect to the figures in Table 2. Table 4: Regional distribution of resources of non-renewable fuels in 2007 [in EJ] Region Crude oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Thorium Total conventional nonconventional conventional nonconven- Hard coal Lignite EJ Share tional 1) Europe 152 84 271 2,243 13,103 1,031 193 293 17,369 3.6% CIS 881 1,255 3,650 7,288 69,765 18,823 1,625 103,287 21.3% Africa 413 251 425 3,317 1,266 3 949 176 6,801 1.4% Middle East 857 502 1,237 4,379 1,134 123 8,232 1.7% Austral-Asia 267 962 862 9,615 109,597 12,566 1,305 59 135,233 27.9% North America 560 5,523 1,037 7,022 167,527 17,027 1,739 176 200,612 41.4% Latin America 2) 300 1,883 375 5,472 4,500 173 623 293 13,617 3.6% WORLD 3,430 10,460 7,857 39,335 366,893 49,623 6,557 996 485,150 100.0% OECD 746 5,858 1,369 12,071 183,756 19,678 2,434 469 226,380 46.7% EU-27 66 42 143 1,409 13,062 858 185 15,772 3.3% OPEC-13 1,231 2,092 1,666 6,625 1,854 422 82 13,972 2.9% Totals can differ due to rounding also with respect to the figures in Table 2. 1) Not including gas hydrates (19,000 EJ), because they cannot be assigned to one of the regions 2) Including Antarctica (hard coal 3,825 EJ) 15

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY Table 5: Regional distribution of the production of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (in EJ) Region Crude oil Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Uranium Total Share Europe 9.9 11.6 4.5 5.0 0.2 31.2 7.1% CIS 26.0 32.3 10.2 1.1 5.4 75.0 17.1% Africa 20.4 7.2 5.8 2.7 36.2 8.2% Middle East 50.2 13.2 0.1 0.0 63.4 14.4% Austral-Asia 15.8 14.9 86.7 2.3 4.0 123.7 28.2% North America 26.1 29.6 26.3 1.0 4.6 87.7 20.0% Latin America 13.9 5.7 2.2 0.0 0.1 22.0 5.0% WORLD 162.3 114.6 135.8 9.6 16.9 439.1 100.0% OECD 37.4 42.7 39.4 5.8 8.2 125.2 28.5% EU-27 4.5 8.1 4.3 3.9 0.2 21.0 4.8% OPEC-13 71.1 20.4 5.8 0.4 97.7 22.2% Totals can differ due to rounding Table 6: Regional distribution of the consumption of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (in EJ) Region Crude oil Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Uranium Total Share Europe 31.5 21.8 11.0 5.0 9.1 78.4 17.4% CIS 7.4 24.8 8.0 1.1 2.4 43.6 9.7% Africa 5.8 3.6 4.5 0.0 0.1 14.1 3.1% Middle East 13.4 10.9 0.4 0.0 24.6 5.5% Austral-Asia 49.3 18.0 85.5 2.3 5.2 160.3 35.5% North America 47.4 31.1 25.7 1.0 9.0 114.3 25.3% Latin America 10.4 4.9 0.8 0.0 0.2 16.3 3.6% WORLD 165.2 115.0 135.9 9.6 25.9 451.5 100.0% OECD 93.3 57.8 45.2 5.8 22.1 224.2 49.7% EU-27 28.7 19.9 10.2 3.9 8.8 71.5 15.8% OPEC-13 15.6 13.7 0.9 0.4 30.7 6.8% Totals can differ due to rounding 16

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY In most regions of the world about 35 % of the primary energy demand is met by crude oil. In the Middle East and Latin America (excluding Mexico) the percentage is higher amounting to 51 % and 46 %, respectively. The demand for oil is much lower in the CIS countries (17 %), but here natural gas covers more than 50 % of the primary energy requirements. Natural gas demand in the Middle East is also high (47%). In most other regions, however, this is about 20 % to 25 %. In Austral-Asia it is only 11 %. Coal provides about 50 % of the demand for primary energy in Austral-Asia, about 31 % in Africa, and around 20 % in North America, Europe and the CIS countries. Nuclear fuels deliver about 12 % of the demand for primary energy in Europe, worldwide this number is down to only 6 %. Hydroelectric power provides about 28 % of the energy supply in Latin America, but only small amounts (about 5 %) in other regions. Fig. 6: Distribution of the world s population and energy consumption in 2007 Figure 6 shows the distribution of the world s population and the consumption of coal, crude oil and natural gas in selected areas in the world. It can be noticed that the developing and emerging countries, which make up about 77 % of the global population, consumed around 58 % of the coal, 38 % of the crude oil, and 27 % of the natural gas in the whole world. This demonstrates the importance of coal in these countries. In contrast, the OECD countries, constituting just around 18 % of the world s population, consumed about 57 % of the world s yearly oil production, half of the natural gas and about 35 % of the coal production. The regional distribution of energy resources is determined by the regional geology. Countries with a larger area usually have a wider spectrum of geological settings and a diver- 17

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY sity which increases the probability of energy fuel deposits. This explains the high proportion of energy resources in the USA, Russia, China, and Australia. The dominance of the Middle East with respect to hydrocarbons is due to the favourable conditions for the preservation of oil and gas in the sedimentary basins there. In contrast, the geological conditions for coal accumulations were favourable in Eurasia, North America and Australia but not so in the Middle East. The amount of coal reserves determines the ranking of the energy-richest countries. With respect to reserves of non-renewable fuels, the dominating countries are the USA and Russia (Fig. 7). Coal reserves make up most of the reserves of the four leading countries (USA, Russia, China, Australia), India and the Ukraine. Hydrocarbons account for the largest portion of reserves in the following countries: Iran - natural gas and conventional oil; Saudi Arabia - conventional oil; Canada - non-conventional oil. Natural gas plays a significant role in Qatar and in Russia. Only three OPEC countries are among the energyrichest countries. Fig. 7: Reserves of non-renewable fuels in the top ten countries in 2007 18

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES 4 Individual Energy Resources Crude Oil In terms of global consumption, crude oil is the most important primary fuel, accounting for 36 % of the world s primary energy consumption, not including biomass (BP 2008). The Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of conventional crude oil at the end of 2007 has been estimated by BGR at about 396 Gt. The regional distribution of the estimated ultimate recovery of conventional crude oil, comprising cumulative production and reserves and resources, is very heterogeneous (Fig. 8, Tab. 7 in Annex). The Middle East has the highest EUR of conventional crude oil. Two thirds of the EUR in North America, has already been recovered. In the CIS countries, about one third has been recovered and in the Middle East about one fourth. The OPEC countries have an EUR in the order of 216 Gt, accounting for about 54 % of the global EUR of which only about one quarter has been produced. The increase of the EUR compared to the previous year was mainly caused by the two new members, Angola and Ecuador. The OECD countries have an EUR of only 75 Gt, of which more than 63 % has already been recovered. Fig. 8: Distribution of the estimated ultimate recovery (396 Gt) of conventional crude oil in 2007 The estimated amount of global crude oil reserves in the order of 163.5 Gt is almost identical with the previous year (163.7 Gt). Hence, for the first time in several years there was no increase in reserves. About 62 % of the global reserves are located in the Middle East, more than 10 % in the CIS countries and nearly 10 % in Africa. The OPEC possesses about 77 % of the global reserves, 61 % thereof is located in the Persian Gulf region. About 6 % of the crude oil reserves belong to the OECD countries. 19

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES For the first time since 2003, global crude oil production has slightly decreased to 3,882 Mt (Tab. 10 in Annex). The Middle East, North America and the CIS countries were the regions with the highest production in 2007. Cumulative crude oil production up to the end of 2007 reached almost 151 Gt. Half of this has been produced within the last 22 years. At the end of 2007 the amount of oil consumed was almost equal to the remaining reserves. Taking also into consideration resources in the order of 82 Gt, more than 38 % of the EUR has been already recovered. In addition to conventional oil accumulations, non-conventional oil occurrences have a sizeable potential. Reserves of non-conventional oil amount to about 41 % of the conventional oil reserves. Non-conventional oil resources exceed those of conventional oil occurrences three times. Most of the non-conventional oil resources are oil shales, whose economic recovery in the foreseeable future would involve high costs and environmental problems. Therefore, only a few pilot projects are expected to be carried out. Oil sands and extra heavy oil projects are not subject to these restrictions and numerous projects have been started in Canada and Venezuela during the last several years. Production costs have already been reduced to a level close to those of conventional oil. However, these projects will only reach a fraction of the production capacity of conventional oil within the foreseeable future, although they may gain regional significance. About two-thirds of the crude oil produced in 2007 was transported across country boundaries, partly over large distances by tanker or pipeline. An overview of oil exports and imports is given in tables 12 and 13 (in Annex). For crude oil, there is a single global market with nearly uniform prices. However, due to a general increase in oil prices there was a significant rise in price differences between oils of different quality. Oil prices increased considerably within the last five years (Fig. 9). There was a short period of falling prices between September 2006 and the middle of January 2007 when the lowest daily notification was about US$52 per barrel. This was followed by a continuous increase to a level of more than US$90 per barrel by the end of the year, mainly caused by cuts in OPEC production. This trend continued into July 2008. At the end of February 2008, the oil price even exceeded US$100 per barrel. During the middle of July 2008, oil prices were at a record high of more than US$145 per barrel. Thereafter oil prices plunged and by mid October the oil price was below US$70 per barrel. The price for crude oil in Euro is also high but when corrected for exchange rate effects it shows a more moderate increase due to the weak US-dollar. The consumption of oil products increased in 2007 by about 55 Mt compared to 2006, reaching about 3.9 Gt, the highest ever level. Global oil consumption is distributed very heterogeneously. The OECD countries used about 2.2 Gt, which is 56 % of the total oil consumption in 2007, the OPEC countries only about 9 %. The consumption was concentrated in Austral-Asia, North America and Europe (Tab. 11 in Annex). 20

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Fig. 9: Monthly averaged prices for OPEC basket crude oil in US$ and Euro per barrel and changes of OPEC-10/OPEC-11 (from 9/2008) production quotas The reasons for the high oil prices in 2007 can be interpreted differently. They may have been affected by the assumption that we are approaching a shortage of oil reserves ( peak oil discussion). However, most likely it is a combination of several different factors which were responsible for this development: - the increasing worldwide demand for oil, - artificial shortage of oil supply caused by OPEC countries, - lack of additional production capacities, - cost inflation regarding equipment, material and staff, - supply disruptions caused by strikes, political instability in producing regions as well as the fear of terrorist attacks, - the weak US-Dollar and - uncertain effect of speculations. Crude Oil: Trends and Outlook From a geological viewpoint, the remaining potential for conventional crude oil can sustain a moderate increase in oil consumption within the next several years. Thereafter supply may be insufficient, owing to the decrease in production when the production peak has been passed. Demand will then have to be met by non-conventional oil and/or other fuels, i.e. natural gas, coal and biomass. The percentage of oil production from the OPEC countries (especially in the Persian Gulf region) will increase within the next several decades. By 2020 the contribution of nonconventional oil to the total oil production will have risen to 5 10 % and oil prices will stay at a relatively high level. According to its International Energy Outlook 2006, the EIA (2006) is predicting a 9.7 % 21

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES share in 2030 of non-conventional oil in the world oil consumption. This includes synthetic fuels from natural gas (gas to liquids - GTL), coal (coal to liquids - CTL) and biomass (biomass to liquids - BTL). For many reasons, predicting oil price changes is very difficult. Important factors influencing its development are the policy of OPEC countries, the availability of additional production and refining capacities as well as the development of the global economy. Daily fluctuations of several US$ per barrel oil are likely in both directions due to speculations in the oil market business. There are numerous uncertainties that could possibly affect the availability of crude oil. On one hand, the amount of reserves could be questioned. Owing to political reasons (to keep OPEC production quotas in balance), the reserve numbers were sharply boosted in the 1980ies. On the other hand, fields often produce more hydrocarbons than initially expected. This is due to the inherent uncertainties in the assessment of reserves. In addition, reserves figures often do not include probable and possible reserves. The past several years have shown that production forecasts based on the production potential of individual reservoirs are too low. The increase in reserves due to a better reservoir performance and enhanced production methods certainly plays a role in this observation ( reserves growth ). Despite the upside potential mentioned above, it can be expected that in the foreseeable future crude oil will not be available in the same unlimited quantities as it has been in the past. Therefore it is necessary to search for alternatives to oil due to the long period of time needed to adopt changes in the energy sector. Natural Gas After crude oil and hard coal, natural gas accounts for about 24 % of the world s primary energy consumption. Its share has increased in the last several years. This trend is expected to continue in the future. The globally estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) for conventional natural gas is about 476 trillion m³. It is equivalent to 432 Gtoe, which is about 10 % higher than the EUR for conventional oil. This number is almost 4 trillion m³ (nearly 1%) higher than the previous estimate (BGR 2007). Similar to crude oil, the regional EUR distribution of natural gas is very heterogeneous, as shown in Figure 10 and Table 16 (see Annex). The CIS countries, particularly Russia, have the largest EUR. The volumes in the Middle East are also considerable. Although North America has substantial EUR volumes, the remaining potential is less significant, since nearly half of its EUR has already been produced (particularly in the USA). The EUR in Europe (not including the CIS countries) of about 5 % is of little importance. Despite increasing production, global reserves of conventional natural gas have further risen to about 183 trillion m³ at the end of 2007. In terms of their energy content are the gas reserves somewhat higher than the global reserves of conventional crude oil. More than half of the gas reserves are concentrated in three countries: Russia, Iran and Qatar. Global resources of conventional natural gas are estimated to be about 207 trillion m³. The global remaining conventional natural gas potential (reserves plus resources) is about 390 trillion m³. Its energy content is about 44 % higher than that of the remaining conventional oil potential. 22

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Fig. 10: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery (476 trillion m³) of conventional natural gas in 2007 Global production of natural gas rose continuously during the past several years, peaking at about 3,013 billion m³ in 2007. The regions with the highest production are located in the CIS countries and North America, each contributing more than a quarter to the global production, followed by Europe with a tenth. Cumulative natural gas production at the end of 2007 has reached almost 87 trillion m³ or more than 32 % of the total reserves discovered up to that time. Half of this amount was produced within the last 17 years. When the amount ofgas flared by oil production is taken into account, more than one-third of the original reserves have been produced. The consumption of natural gas in the world has also reached its highest level in 2007, amounting to about 3 trillion m³. The most important consumers were the USA, followed by Russia, Iran, Japan, Germany, Canada, and Great Britain (Tab. 18 in Annex). Cross-border trading (not including transit across third countries) amounted to about 930 billion m³ (about 30 % of the production worldwide) in 2007 (Tab. 19 and 20 in Annex). About one quarter of this amount was traded in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). There are four main regional natural gas markets where producers and distributors have long-term contracts: - the European market, main exporters being Russia, North Africa, Norway and the Netherlands, - the North American market (NAFTA), - the Asian market, characterized by large distances between the main consumers (mainly Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan) and the producing countries (mainly Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Gulf countries) and dominated by LNG trade, - the South American market which has only developed during the past several years. The European gas market, however, has access to about 45 % of the global EUR of natural gas. This is due to the comparatively easy access to Russian and North African gas fields. 23

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES The above figure could rise to about 68 % if the Middle East is considered a potential supplier. The European gas market, therefore, is in a relatively comfortable position compared to other regional gas markets. The demonstrated global reserves of natural gas will last until the middle of the century, assuming production remains at the same level as at present. It is expected that the technologies for the production of coal-bed methane and tight gas will continue to be improved and that the increasing demand will be met by production even in the second half of this century. There are considerable uncertainties with respect to the amount of non-conventional natural gas that can be recovered. Global reserves of non-conventional natural gas are estimated at just 2 trillion m³ because the technologies to recover these potential reserves are only available for coal-bed methane and tight gas. Moreover, the conditions necessary for economic production only exist in relatively small regions. Non-conventional natural gas resources (not including gas hydrates and aquifer gas) were estimated at 220 trillion m³, which is about half of the estimated ultimate recovery of conventional natural gas. The 1 to 100 ratio of original reserves to resources reflects the low degree of exploration: This ratio is about 1 to 1.2 for conventional natural gas and about 1 to 0.5 for conventional oil. The amount of gas that can possibly be recovered from gas hydrates (500 trillion m³) and aquifers (800 trillion m³) are more than the EUR of conventional natural gas. Significant commercial production of aquifer gas is unlikely in the near future. Worldwide there are a number of ambitious projects going on, focussing on commercial production of gas hydrates after 2020. Natural Gas: Trends and Outlook From a geological viewpoint, natural gas is present in sufficient quantities to meet the predicted demand for many decades. The present trend of increasing demand can be met both by additional production from the presently supplying countries and by new exporters. A gap could possibly develop in the North American market which could only be filled by LNG imports. The price for natural gas is influenced by transport costs. The latter are significantly higher than those for crude oil and coal. Transport of natural gas will continue to be mainly by pipeline, but the proportion of LNG will increase, for which a spot market is expected to develop. The IEA (2004) predicts that in 2030 the share of LNG in natural gas trade could reach more than 50 %. Increasing capacities for LNG will ease the supply situation in the natural gas market due to the opening up of gas fields far away from the main consumers. On the other hand, increasing gas to liquid (GTL) activities may take away some potential from the natural gas market. Long-term investment will be needed to increase production capacities and to expand transportation facilities. Coal In this study, coals are divided into lignite and hard coal. This is in contrast to the frequently used classification of coal into lignite (soft brown coal), sub-bituminous coal (hard brown coal), bituminous coal (hard coal) and anthracite. Hard coal has a calorific value of > 16,500 kj/kg and it contains sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and anthracite. Hard coal is an internationally traded commodity and usually not affected significantly by transport costs. Lignite has a calorific value of 24

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES < 16,500 kj/kg and is mainly used locally by power plants near the coal deposits due to its low calorific value and high water content. Coal has the largest global reserves and resources compared to other fossil fuels. Coal accounted for about 30 % of the global primary energy consumption in 2007 (hard coal 28 %, lignite nearly 2 %), surpassed only by crude oil. Coal is the fuel most widely used in power plants for electricity generation (37 % of the global share). At the end of the year 2007, global coal reserves amounted to 990 Gt (711 Gt hard coal and about 279 Gt lignite). Estimates of coal resources have changed remarkably compared to the last study (BGR 2007). This is in large parts due to the fact that so far unaccounted resources in the USA are now incorporated. They are the result of a comprehensive study by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) regarding the coal potential of Alaska (Flores et al. 2004). As a consequence, hard coal resources increased by about 5,982 Gt (+ 68 %) to 14,800 Gt and lignite resources from 3,075 Gt to 4,182 Gt (+ 36 %) compared to the previous year. The world s coal production in 2007 amounted to 6,501 Mt. Hard coal accounted for 85 % (5,523 Mt) and lignite for only about 15 % (978 Mt). In contrast to crude oil, coal deposits are much less concentrated in certain regions than hydrocarbons. Several companies and countries are engaged in hard coal mining. However, about 55 % of the worldwide hard coal production originates from countries with nationally controlled coal industries like China, India and Poland. A compilation of country-specific data concerning production, consumption, imports and exports and reserves and resources of hard coal and lignite is given in Tables 21 to 32 (see Annex). Hard coal The regional distribution of hard coal reserves, resources and the estimated cumulative production since 1950 is shown in Figure 11. North America has the largest remaining hard coal potential (6,870 Gt), followed by Austral- Asia (4,853 Gt) and the CIS countries (2,976 Gt). Regarding hard coal reserves, the USA possesses the largest volumes in the world (232 Gt; 33 % of the global share), followed by China (167 Gt; 24 %), India (73 Gt; 10 %), Russia (10 %), Australia (6 %), and the Ukraine (5 %). Until 2018 the German government is subsidizing the production of national hard coal reserves in the order of 0.12 Gt. Almost half of the world s hard coal resources are located in the USA (6,488 Gt; 43.8 %), followed by China (4,200 Gt; 28.4 %) and Russia (2,662 Gt; 18 %). The three largest hard coal producer in 2007 were China (44.9 %; 2,479 Mt), the USA (17.5 %; 968 Mt) and India (8.2 %; 452 Mt). Whereas China and India increased their production by about 4 % and 13 %, respectively, the USA reduced their coal production by 3.1 %. About 16 % (906 Mt) of the hard coal production is traded on the world hard coal market, with 820 Mt being transported by ship (VDKI 2008). The global market volume for hard coal increased by 6 % compared to the previous year. It was again dominated by Australia which exported hard coal in the order of 250 Mt (27.4 %), followed by Indonesia (195 Mt; 21.3 %) and Russia (98.6 Mt; 10.8 %). The three most important hard coal consumers are still situated in Asia. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan imported a total volume of 343.3 Mt (37.5 %) in 2007. For the first time they were followed by two other Asian countries, namely India (54.1 Mt; 5.9 %) and China (51 Mt; 5.6 %). The UK (50.3 Mt; 5.5 %) and Germany (47.5 Mt; 5.2 %) were next. The German hard coal imports (including coke) mainly originated from 25

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Russia (8.6 Mt), Colombia (6.9 Mt), Australia and South Africa (6.5 Mt each). Polish hard coal imports decreased remarkably by about one third to 6.4 Mt. About 26 % (239.8 Mt) of the worldwide hard coal imports were delivered to the European Union (EU-27). Fig. 11: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of hard coal in 2007 Fig. 12: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of lignite in 2007 26

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Lignite The regional distribution of lignite reserves, resources and estimated cumulative production since 1950 is shown in Figure 12. North America (1,454 Gt) has the largest remaining lignite potential, followed by Austral-Asia (1,422 Gt) and the CIS countries (1,381 Gt; incl. subbituminous coal). The global lignite reserves at the end of 2007 sum up to 279.3 Gt. About one third of those are located in Russia (32.8 %; 91.6 Gt - incl. sub-bituminous coal), followed by Germany (14.6 %; 40.8 Gt), Australia (13.4 %; 37.3 Gt), USA (11.1 %; 31 Gt) and China (9 %; 25 Gt). The USA holds the largest lignite resources amounting to 1,370 Gt (global share 32.8 %), followed by Russia (1,280 Gt; 30.6 %) and China (627 Gt; 15 %). In 2007 42 countries produced 978 Mt of lignite. However, only eleven countries provided about 80 % (783 Mt) of the global lignite output. Germany (18.4 %; 180.4 Mt) was the most important lignite producer, followed by Australia (7.4 %; 72.3 Mt) and Russia (7.3 %; 71.3 Mt - incl. sub-bituminous coal). Coal: Trends and Outlook Coal possesses the largest potential of all non-renewable fuels and provides 56 % (711 Gtce) of the reserves and 84 % (14,212 Gtce) of the resources worldwide. The remaining potential of hard coal and lignite is sufficient to cover the expected demand for many decades to come. Coal accounted for nearly 30 % (about 5 Gtce) of the global primary energy consumption in 2007. Coal will continue to be a major source of the world energy mix. According to the reference scenarios of EIA (2008) and IEA (2007), coal will remain the most important fuel after crude oil with a primary energy consumption share in 2030 of 29 % and 28 %, respectively. As a result, by 2030 the global coal consumption and also the coal production will have increased to 7.2 Gtce (IEA 2007) or 7.3 Gtce (EIA 2008). Considering the above-average growth rates during the last years and the global coal production of already 5 Gtce in 2007, the forecasted coal production figures may even be higher in 2030. Since the beginning of 2006, the spot market prices for steam coal steadily increased and nearly quadrupled to a new all-time high of US$210 per ton (monthly average price) in summer 2008. In October 2008, the European steam coal spot prices (ports of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp; cif ARA) dropped to about US$130 per ton in line with falling oil prices. Comparable price developments were realised for coking coal and coke. In 2008, coking coal prices as well as coke spot market prices tripled to at least US$300 and US$700 per ton, respectively. The high coal prices are also related to the continuing elevated demand for coal in Asia. Like other commodity prices, the future coal prices are likely to depend on the development of the current financial crisis. As in the previous year, a further significant increase in coal resources could be observed in 2007. In particular the hard coal resources increased by 68 %. Nearly the entire resource growth can be allocated to Alaska (USA). Here the United States Geological Survey (USGS; Flores et al. 2004) conducted a detailed coal resource assessment. The amount of coal reserves and coal resources will change in the future since high coal prices in the past years led to a noticeable increase in exploration and development activities (e.g. southern Africa, Austral-Asian region). Furthermore, the USGS is currently updating the reserve and resource data of the USA. The last revision in a detailed and comprehensive manner took place at the beginning of the 1970ies. 27

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Uranium Today s Uranium reserves (1.77 Mt in the cost category US$<40 per kg U) plus the secondary uranium sources (stocks, military inventories) are sufficient to supply the existing nuclear power plants for several decades. In 2007, 439 nuclear power plants (393 GW el capacities) were fed with 64,615 t uranium, of which about 41,279 t (64 %) came from mine production. Uranium reserves and resources are located in only a few countries (Tables 33 to 35 in Annex). Ten countries own almost 96 % of the reserves recoverable at costs of less than US$40 per kg U (Table 33 in Annex). Five countries possess almost 83 % of the reserves, comprising Australia (709,000 t U, 40 %), Canada (270,100 t U, 15 %), Kazakhstan (235,500 t U, 13 %), Brazil (139,600 t U, 8 %) and South Africa (114,900 t U, 6.5 %). Fig. 13: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of Uranium (19.2 Mt) in 2007 In contrast to fossil fuels, uranium mine production is less than the consumption. Annual global production within the last five years ranged from 32,200 t U to 41,870 t U. Annual consumption was always above 60,000 t U. The remaining requirements were met by uranium from civil and military stockpiles, especially in Russia and the USA. Uranium from the decommissioning of nuclear weapons under disarmament pacts as well as uranium and plutonium from the reprocessing of fuel rods will continue to play a role in the future. To which extent these sources are going to be deployed, however, will depend on political decisions. The majority of uranium mine production takes place in a small number of countries (Table 36 in Annex). In 2007, Canada accounted for about 23 % (9,476 t) of the global production. Australia, Kazakhstan, and Russia delivered a further 45 % of the global production. There is little mine production (in the USA; Germany and France from mine water treatment) or none (Japan and UK) although these countries are the main consumers. In 2007, uranium prices reached an all-time high. If prices remain at 28

INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES this distinctly higher level, the trend of concentrating production in a few countries with low production costs (Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan) will probably not continue. In this case, increasing exploration activities in a number of different countries will result in the diversification of future producers. Market concentration, however, exists for uranium producing companies. About 85% of the mined uranium in 2007 was produced by only seven companies. The uranium market experienced a very significant increase in prices between 2004 and 2006. Following the all-time high in June 2007 (US$353.60 per kg U), the uranium spot prices decreased to US$234 per kg U. The adjustment of the market continued in 2008 to a level of US$130 per kg U. The average price for long-term uranium deliveries in the EU reached 40.98 per kg U (2006: 38.41 per kg U). These elevated price levels brought forward a distinct and sustained market upturn. A number of countries (China, Finland, Russia, South Korea, Japan, and India) announced the construction of new nuclear power plants. The uranium mining and production, however, increased only slightly. As a consequence, it is expected that the uranium prices will stabilize at a level above US$80 per kg U beyond 2008. A detailed compilation of countries with the largest uranium reserves, resources, production and consumption is given in Tables 34 to 37 (in Annex). Thorium is not used for power generation as there are no operating thorium reactors. Attempts to promote this technology are in progress in South Africa and India. Reserves of more than 2 Mt Th can be considered as a possible basis for future supply. Uranium: Trends and Outlook There is no shortage in the supply of natural uranium in the near future, based on geological evidences and resources. On the contrary, in recent years worldwide reserves and resources increased consistently. Worldwide uranium production comes from politically stable countries with economic, competitive and cost-effective uranium deposits. The worldwide concentration process continues regarding production, reserves and resources. In 2007, about 85 % of worldwide production came from only seven mining companies. The upturn of the markets has led to a significant increase in exploration activities even in countries without uranium mining in the past. It is assumed that in the future there will be more producing countries than at present. The gap between annual production and consumption will still continue to exist. Additional supply is still going to come from civil and military stockpiles. At present there is no indication for a future shortage. After the historic uranium price peak in 2007, the spot market prices have experienced market adjustments. At the same time the average price increased for long-term uranium delivery contracts. Despite the actual financial markets crisis, the uranium prices are distinctly higher compared to before 2006. A number of countries have announced the construction of additional nuclear power plants within the next decade. These projects are often accompanied by research projects aiming at the development of alternative techniques and the improvement of existing techniques, e.g., the usage of thorium. 29

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5 Summary and Conclusions Figure 14 shows the supply situation of individual non-renewable energy resources and their predicted cumulative consumption within the period from 2008 to 2030. The consumption is based on the reference scenario of the IEA (2007). Figure 14: Supply situation of non-renewable energy resources in 2007 The assessment of reserves, resources and the availability of non-renewable energy resources allows the following conclusions to be drawn: Crude Oil From a geological viewpoint, the remaining potential for conventional oil can sustain a moderate increase in oil consumption over the next several years. However, at some stage in the future the maximum production of conventional oil ( Peak Oil ) will be reached. Thereafter production will start to decline. The percentage of oil production from the OPEC countries (especially the Persian Gulf region) will increase in the future. The majority of conventional oil reserves occur within the so called Strategic Ellipse. It stretches from the Middle East across to the Caspian Region and Northern Russia. As this ellipse is partly identical with politically unstable regions, this presents a certain conflict potential. Uncertainties regarding the proper assessment of reserves in OPEC countries can lead to an overestimation of the oil production potential. This in turn could cause an unexpected shortage of supply. On the other hand, technological progress can lead to increased recovery rates in the producing fields thus providing additional production. After peak oil, the nonconventional oil production will rather modify the decline in oil supply than close the gap between demand and supply. In addition to the above uncertainties and the effects of the recent financial crisis, it is unclear how the current climate debate will impact on future oil consumption. 30

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Oil will get more expensive owing to the increasing dependency on OPEC countries and the costly development of new fields in frontier areas. Natural Gas Taking into account both reserves and resources, the situation for natural gas is more favourable than that for oil. Hence, it is expected that natural gas will be available for many decades to meet the global demand. However, there are large differences in the occurrence of natural gas reserves with respect to the gas markets. The European natural gas market is in a comfortable position due to relatively easy access to neighbouring regions rich in natural gas reserves. These are in particular Russia and other CIS countries, North Africa and the Middle East. Currently the supply of natural gas to Europe mainly takes place via pipeline. However, in the future LNG supply will increase and to a certain extent contribute to the diversification of supply countries. Spot markets can develop when the shares of LNG increase in the international gas trade. Limiting factors are the high specific transportation costs for natural gas. Coal Coal offers the greatest range of global reserves and resources compared to other fossil fuels. The existing reserves of hard coal are sufficient for more than 125 years of production at the current level. In case of lignite it is more than 200 years of production. Additionally, coal has the most favourable resources to reserves ratio among the non-renewable energy resources. On the other hand, coal is the fossil energy resource with the highest specific CO 2 - emissions. Current intense research and development activities are focussing on solutions to reduce and/or avoid CO 2 -emissions when burning coal. Sequestration of CO 2 and its underground storage could be a solution. If these climate damaging side effects of coal can be eliminated, it is foreseeable that coal in the middle to long term will play an important role in energy supply. Additionally, fuels can be produced from coal by liquefaction (GTL) or gasification. Numerous activities in this direction are currently going on in China. Nuclear Fuels From a geological viewpoint there is no shortage of nuclear fuels expected in the foreseeable future. Apart from increasing reserves as a result of growing exploration activities, sufficient resources exist. This will secure the supply for decades. In addition to the mining production of uranium, the use of secondary sources like civil and military stockpiles and the reprocessing of uranium are of importance. The availability of nuclear fuels can even be increased by using them more efficiently in modern reactors. If needed in the future, uranium resources could be utilized which are recoverable at much higher costs than at present. This would be possible because the fuel costs are only a small portion of the electricity generating costs. The lack of nuclear fuel reserves and resources will not be the limiting factor for the utilisation of nuclear energy in the future. 31

REFERENCES References AGEB (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen) (2008): Energieverbrauch in Deutschland im Jahr 2007. 30. S., Berlin. http://www.agenergiebilanzen.de/cms/verwaltung/files.p hp?path=../../daten/1203946104_91.0.94.1 31.pdf&name=jahresbericht_ageb_25_2_2 008.pdf&mime=application/pdf BGR (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe) (2006): Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007. 83 p.; Hannover. BP (different years): BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Vol. 1995 to 2007; London. (2008): BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2008, 45 p.; London. http://www.bp.com EIA (Energy Information Administration) (2006): International Energy Outlook 2006, 202 S.; US Department of Energy, Washington D.C. (2008): International Energy Outlook 2008, 250 S.; US Department of Energy, Washington D.C. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484( 2008).pdf Flores, R.M., Stricker, G.D. & Kinney, S.A. (2004): Alaska Coal Geology, Resources, and Coalbed Methane Potential. 128 S.; Denver (USGS). http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds- 077/pdf/DDS-77.pdf NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2008): URANIUM 20057: Resources, Production and Demand. 420 p.: OECD, Paris. NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2008): URANIUM 2007: Resources, Production and Demand. 420 p.: OECD, Paris. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2004a): World Energy Outlook 2004. 570 p.; Paris. (2005): World Energy Outlook 2005: Middle East and North Africa Insights. 629 p.; Paris. (2006): World Energy Outlook 2006. 596 p.; Paris. (2007): World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights.. 663 p.; Paris. VDKI (2008): Verein der Kohlenimporteure Jahresbericht 2008 Fakten und Trends 2007/2008. 99 p.; Hamburg. http://www.vereinkohlenimporteure.de/wdeutsch/download/ VDKI-Geschaeftsbericht- 2008.pdf?navid=14 32

Annex

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] Country Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Rem. Potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Albania 0.3 51.3 27 20 98 47 Austria 0.9 116.8 12 10 139 22 Bulgaria 0.1 8.9 2 5 16 7 Croatia 0.8 98.4 11 20 129 31 Czech Republic 0.1 9.2 2 10 21 12 Denmark 15.6 269.5 184 50 504 234 France 1.0 119.9 16 70 206 86 Germany 3.4 279.1 37 20 336 57 Greece 0.1 16.1 1 20 37 21 Hungary 0.9 95.3 3 20 118 23 Ireland 10 10 10 Italy 5.5 154.6 109 120 383 229 Lithuania 0.2 3.5 2 20 25 22 Malta 5 5 5 Netherlands 2.7 136.3 32 60 228 92 Norway 124.7 2,933.9 1,012 1,750 5,696 2,762 Poland 1.2 59.1 49 40 148 89 Romania 5.0 741.7 120 160 1,022 280 Serbia 0.8 39.6 11 20 70 31 Slovakia 0.2 1.7 1 5 8 6 Spain 0.2 36.9 20 20 77 40 Turkey 2.1 128.5 41 70 239 111 United Kingdom 71.2 3,232.9 700 1,100 5,033 1,800 Azerbaijan 41.7 1,527.3 1,330 1,200 4,057 2,530 Belarus 1.8 127.3 27 30 184 57 Georgia 0.1 23.4 5 50 78 55 Kazakhstan 67.5 1,148.1 4,780 4,000 9,928 8,780 Kyrgyzstan 0.1 11.1 5 10 26 15 Moldova 10 10 10 Russia 490.8 19,181.8 10,297 13,500 42,979 23,797 Tajikistan 0.0 7.7 2 30 39 32 Turkmenistan 9.8 468.1 245 1,700 2,413 1,945 Ukraine 4.4 342.4 108 150 600 258 Uzbekistan 4.9 173.4 170 400 743 570 Algeria 86.1 2,476.8 1,660 1,200 5,337 2,860 Angola 84.1 928.0 1,229 2,000 4,157 3,229 Benin 0.0 4.2 1 10 15 11 Cameroon 4.2 163.0 27 200 390 227 Chad 7.5 33.4 204 100 337 304 Congo. DR (former Zaire) 1.0 37.7 24 50 112 74 Congo. Rep. 11.5 267.9 260 600 1,128 860 Cote d Ivoire 1.6 21.2 40 120 181 160 Egypt 34.1 1,381.7 540 500 2,422 1,040 Table continued 35

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential Equatorial Guinea 18.0 119.8 270 350 740 620 Eritrea 50 50 50 Ethiopia 10 10 10 Gabon 11.5 463.7 272 700 1,436 972 Ghana 0.3 4.2 2 40 46 42 Libya 86.0 3,450.5 5,641 1,000 10,092 6,641 Madagascar 20 20 20 Mauritania 0.9 2.9 14 10 27 24 Morocco 0.0 1.6 0 30 32 30 Mozambique 20 20 20 Namibia 20 20 20 Nigeria 114.2 3,674.3 4,925 2,200 10,799 7,125 Senegal 10 10 10 Seychelles 5 5 5 Somalia 20 20 20 South Africa. Rep. 1.0 12.7 2 20 35 22 Sudan 22.5 116.8 871 250 1,238 1,121 Tanzania 20 20 20 Tunisia 4.6 181.6 82 300 563 382 Zimbabwe 10 10 10 Africa others 13 13 13 Bahrain 8.6 185.7 17 200 403 217 Iran 201.5 8,378.5 18,830 3,900 31,108 22,730 Iraq 109.0 4,183.0 15,646 3,800 23,629 19,446 Israel 0.0 2.0 0 5 7 5 Jordan 5 5 5 Kuwait 129.6 5,322.0 13,810 700 19,832 14,510 Oman 35.5 1,147.0 758 700 2,605 1,458 Qatar 53.6 1,165.7 2,069 700 3,935 2,769 Saudi Arabia 493.1 16,202.1 35,946 8,700 60,848 44,646 Syria 19.6 657.7 340 300 1,298 640 United Arab Emirates 135.0 3,647.0 13,306 1,000 17,953 14,306 Yemen 15.8 324.8 381 500 1,206 881 Afghanistan 0.0 0 40 40 40 Australia 23.8 888.7 571 1,000 2,460 1,571 Bangladesh 0.2 2.0 4 30 36 34 Brunei 9.5 466.5 150 200 816 350 Cambodia 20 20 20 China. PR 186.6 4,880.6 2,109 2,200 9,189 4,309 India 37.3 1,035.6 765 400 2,201 1,165 Indonesia 47.4 3,073.1 595 1,100 4,768 1,695 Japan 0.9 46.9 6 10 63 16 Malaysia 34.2 872.6 735 600 2,207 1,335 Table continued 36

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential Mongolia 0.1 0.8 2 50 53 52 Myanmar 0.7 50.2 7 150 207 157 New Zealand 1.3 44.6 7 50 102 57 Pakistan 3.4 79.3 39 150 269 189 Papua-New Guinea 2.6 56.9 12 50 119 62 Philippines 0.6 10.5 19 40 69 59 Taiwan 0.1 4.5 0 5 10 5 Thailand 12.7 107.5 63 100 270 163 Vietnam 16.5 221.5 463 200 884 663 Canada 158.9 4,452.4 707 2,000 7,159 2,707 Greenland 500 500 500 Mexico 154.0 5,451.1 1,660 2,900 10,011 4,560 USA 311.5 29,121.8 4,000 8,000 41,122 12,000 Argentina 34.9 1,347.9 352 500 2,200 852 Barbados 0.1 2.0 0 100 102 100 Belize 0.1 0.2 1 0 1 1 Bolivia 2.3 66.0 63 200 329 263 Brazil 90.4 1,403.8 1,714 1,400 4,518 3,114 Chile 0.1 60.7 20 75 156 95 Colombia 26.6 944.1 205 700 1,849 905 Cuba 3.3 44.9 17 60 122 77 Ecuador 26.5 577.1 585 150 1,312 735 Guatemala 0.8 17.0 11 10 38 21 Guyana 100 100 100 Paraguay 100 100 100 Peru 5.1 338.6 150 500 988 650 Suriname 0.6 9.1 12 50 71 62 Trinidad & Tobago 7.3 480.1 109 200 789 309 Uruguay 20 20 20 Venezuela 133.9 8,604.8 11,841 3,000 23,446 14,841 WORLD 3,882.0 150,863.9 163,524 82,056 396,444 245,580 Europe 236.5 8,532.8 2,392 3,625 14,550 6,017 CIS 621.0 23,010.6 16,969 21,080 61,060 38,049 Africa 489.1 13,341.9 16,068 9,878 39,288 25,946 Middle East 1,201.3 41,215.4 101,103 20,510 162,828 121,613 Austral-Asia 377.8 11,841.7 5,544 6,395 23,781 11,939 North America 624.4 39,025.3 6,367 13,400 58,792 19,767 Latin America 331.8 13,896.1 15,081 7,168 36,145 22,249 OPEC-13 1,700.0 60,288.3 126,083 29,450 215,821 155,533 OPEC-Gulf 1,121.8 38,898.2 99,606 18,800 157,305 118,406 OECD 894.8 47,618.7 9,759 17,835 75,213 27,594 EU-27 107.9 5,281.2 1,291 1,745 8,152 2,871 37

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 8: Conventional Oil Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 13,500 16.5% 16.5% 2 Saudi Arabia 8,700 10.6% 27.1% 3 USA 8,000 9.7% 36.8% 4 Kazakhstan 4,000 4.9% 41.7% 5 Iran 3,900 4.8% 46.4% 6 Iraq 3,800 4.6% 51.1% 7 Venezuela 3,000 3.7% 54.7% 8 Mexico 2,900 3.5% 58.3% 9 Nigeria 2,200 2.7% 60.9% 10 China, PR 2,200 2.7% 63.6% 11 Angola 2,000 2.4% 66.1% 12 Canada 2,000 2.4% 68.5% 13 Norway 1,750 2.1% 70.6% 14 Turkmenistan 1,700 2.1% 72.7% 15 Brazil 1,400 1.7% 74.4% 16 Azerbaijan 1,200 1.5% 75.9% 17 Algeria 1,200 1.5% 77.3% 18 United Kingdom 1,100 1.3% 78.7% 19 Indonesia 1,100 1.3% 80.0% 20 Libya 1,000 1.2% 81.2% 81 Germany 20 0.0% WORLD 82,056 100.0% Europe 3,625 4.4% CIS 21,080 25.7% Africa 9,878 12.0% Middle East 20,510 25.0% Austral-Asia 6,395 7.8% North America 13,400 16.3% Latin America 7,168 8.7% OPEC-13 29,450 35.9% OPEC-Gulf 18,800 22.9% OECD 17,835 21.7% EU-27 1,745 2.1% 38

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 9: Conventional Oil Reserves in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia 35,946 22.0% 22.0% 2 Iran 18,830 11.5% 33.5% 3 Iraq 15,646 9.6% 43.1% 4 Kuwait 13,810 8.4% 51.5% 5 United Arab Emirates 13,306 8.1% 59.6% 6 Venezuela 11,841 7.2% 66.9% 7 Russia 10,297 6.3% 73.2% 8 Libya 5,641 3.4% 76.6% 9 Nigeria 4,925 3.0% 79.6% 10 Kazakhstan 4,780 2.9% 82.6% 11 USA 4,000 2.4% 85.0% 12 China, PR 2,109 1.3% 86.3% 13 Qatar 1,660 1.0% 87.3% 14 Brazil 2,069 1.3% 88.6% 15 Mexico 1,714 1.0% 89.6% 16 Algeria 1,660 1.0% 90.7% 17 Azerbaijan 1,330 0.8% 91.5% 18 Angola 1,229 0.8% 92.2% 19 Norway 1,012 0.6% 92.8% 20 Sudan 871 0.5% 93.4% 54 Germany 37 0.0% WORLD 163,524 100.0% Europe 2,392 1.5% CIS 16,969 10.4% Africa 16,068 9.8% Middle East 101,103 61.8% Austral-Asia 5,544 3.4% North America 6,367 3.9% Latin America 15,081 9.2% OPEC-13 126,083 77.1% OPEC-Gulf 99,606 60.9% OECD 9,759 6.0% EU-27 1,291 0.8% 39

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 10: Crude Oil and NGL Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia 493.1 12.7% 12.7% 2 Russia 490.8 12.6% 25.3% 3 USA 311.5 8.0% 33.4% 4 Iran 201.5 5.2% 38.6% 5 China, PR 186.6 4.8% 43.4% 6 Canada 154.0 4.0% 47.3% 7 Mexico 158.9 4.1% 51.4% 8 United Arab Emirates 135.0 3.5% 54.9% 9 Venezuela 133.9 3.4% 58.4% 10 Kuwait 129.6 3.3% 61.7% 11 Norway 124.7 3.2% 64.9% 12 Nigeria 114.2 2.9% 67.8% 13 Iraq 109.0 2.8% 70.7% 14 Brazil 90.4 2.3% 73.0% 15 Algeria 86.1 2.2% 75.2% 16 Libya 86.0 2.2% 77.4% 17 Angola 84.1 2.2% 79.6% 18 United Kingdom 71.2 1.8% 81.4% 19 Kazakhstan 67.5 1.7% 83.2% 20 Qatar 53.6 1.4% 84.5% 64 Germany 3.4 0.1% WORLD 3,882.0 100.0% Europe 236.5 6.1% CIS 621.0 16.0% Africa 489.1 12.6% Middle East 1,201.3 30.9% Austral-Asia 377.8 9.7% North America 624.4 16.1% Latin America 331.8 8.5% OPEC-13 1,700.0 43.8% OPEC-Gulf 1,121.8 28.9% OECD 894.8 23.1% EU-27 107.9 2.8% 40

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 11: Oil Demand in 2007: Main countries (> 5 Mt) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 943.1 23.9% 23.9% 2 China. PR 368.0 9.3% 33.2% 3 Japan 228.9 5.8% 39.0% 4 India 128.5 3.2% 42.2% 5 Russia 125.9 3.3% 45.4% 6 Canada 102.3 2.6% 48.0% 7 Korea. Rep, (South Korea) 102.0 2.6% 50.6% 8 Germany 101.8 2.6% 53.2% 9 Saudi Arabia 99.3 2.5% 55.7% 10 Brazil 96.5 2.4% 58.1% 11 France 92.3 2.3% 60.4% 12 Mexico 89.2 2.3% 62.7% 13 Italy 82.4 2.1% 64.8% 14 United Kingdom 80.9 2.0% 66.8% 15 Spain 79.2 2.0% 68.8% 16 Iran 77.2 2.0% 70.8% 17 Indonesia 54.4 1.4% 72.2% 18 Taiwan 52.5 1.3% 73.5% 19 Singapore 47.7 1.2% 74.7% 20 Netherlands 47.2 1.2% 75.9% 21 Thailand 43.0 1.1% 77.0% 22 Australia 42.2 1.1% 78.1% 23 Turkey 31.5 0.8% 78.9% 24 Belgium 31.1 0.8% 79.6% 25 Egypt 30.6 0.8% 80.4% 26 Iraq 27.1 0.7% 81.1% 27 Venezuela 26.8 0.7% 81.8% 28 South Africa, Rep. 25.8 0.7% 82.4% 29 Poland 23.9 0.6% 83.0% 30 Malaysia 23.6 0.6% 83.6% 31 Argentina 23.5 0.6% 84.2% 32 United Arab Emirates 22.0 0.6% 84.8% 33 Greece 21.8 0.6% 85.3% 34 Pakistan 17.9 0.5% 85.8% 35 Hong Kong 16.9 0.4% 86.2% 36 Sweden 16.3 0.4% 86.6% 37 Ukraine 15.3 0.3% 86.9% 38 Syria 15.2 0.4% 87.3% 39 Portugal 14.3 0.4% 87.7% 40 Kuwait 14.0 0.4% 88.1% 41 Philippine 13.9 0.4% 88.4% 42 Austria 13.8 0.4% 88.8% 43 Algeria 12.6 0.3% 89.1% Table continued 41

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 11: Oil Demand in 2007: Main countries (> 5 Mt) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups (continued) Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 44 Nigeria 12.3 0.3% 89.4% 45 Libya 12.1 0.3% 89.8% 46 Israel 12.1 0.3% 90.1% 47 Chile 12.0 0.3% 90.4% 48 Vietnam 11.7 0.3% 90.7% 49 Switzerland 11.4 0.3% 91.0% 50 Finland 10.8 0.3% 91.2% 51 Romania 10.9 0.3% 91.5% 52 Kazakhstan 10.6 0.3% 91.8% 53 Colombia 10.3 0.3% 92.0% 54 Norway 10.2 0.2% 92.3% 55 Czech Rep. 9.7 0.2% 92.5% 56 Ireland 9.6 0.2% 92.8% 57 Denmark 9.4 0.2% 93.0% 58 Cuba 8.5 0.2% 93.2% 59 Ecuador 8.1 0.2% 93.4% 60 Trinidad & Tobago 7.9 0.2% 93.6% 61 Morocco 7.5 0.2% 93.8% 62 Hungary 7.6 0.2% 94.0% 63 Belarus 7.0 0.2% 94.2% 64 New Zealand 7.0 0.2% 94.4% 65 Dominican Republic 6.6 0.2% 94.5% 66 Peru 6.6 0.1% 94.7% 67 Uzbekistan 5.8 0.1% 94.9% 68 Jordan 5.8 0.1% 95.0% 69 Bulgaria 5.4 0.1% 95.1% 70 Bangladesh 5.0 0.1% 95.3% WORLD 3,951.5 100.0% Europe 753.4 19.1% CIS 176.4 4.5% Africa 138.1 3.5% Middle East 320.3 8.1% Austral-Asia 1,180.0 29.9% North America 1,134.6 28.7% Latin America 248.7 6.3% OPEC-13 372.8 9.4% OPEC-Gulf 243.8 6.2% OECD 2,231.8 56.5% EU-27 687.5 17.4% 42

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 12: Crude Oil and NGL Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia 362.0 16.5% 16.5% 2 Russia 259.0 11.8% 28.3% 3 Iran 123.3 5.6% 34.0% 4 Nigeria 107.2 4.9% 38.9% 5 Venezuela 105.8 4.8% 43.7% 6 United Arab Emirates 105.0 4.8% 48.5% 7 Norway 98.1 4.5% 53.0% 8 Canada 94.7 4.3% 57.3% 9 Mexico 89.6 4.1% 61.4% 10 Iraq 82.2 3.8% 65.1% 11 Kuwait 80.6 3.7% 68.8% 12 Libya 68.9 3.1% 72.0% 13 Algeria 62.7 2.9% 74.8% 14 Kazakhstan 60.8 2.8% 77.6% 15 Angola 57.9 2.6% 80.2% 16 United Kingdom 50.8 2.3% 82.6% 17 Oman 39.2 1.8% 84.3% 18 Azerbaijan 35.7 1.6% 86.0% 19 Qatar 30.8 1.4% 87.4% 20 Sudan 21.0 1.0% 88.3% WORLD 2,190.7 100.0% Europe 172.2 8.0% CIS 358.2 15.0% Africa 376.0 17.4% Middle East 840.1 4.1% Austral-Asia 91.8 39.1% North America 191.0 9.0% Latin America 161.3 7.3% OPEC-13 1,219.4 52.8% OECD 374.1 17.4% EU-27 69.4 3.0% 43

ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 13: Crude Oil and NGL Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 501.6 22.5% 22.5% 2 Japan 209.9 9.4% 31.9% 3 China, PR 163.2 7.3% 39.2% 4 India 119.8 5.4% 44.6% 5 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 118.7 5.3% 49.9% 6 Germany 106.7 4.8% 54.7% 7 Italy 95.9 4.3% 59.0% 8 France 80.8 3.6% 62.7% 9 Singapore 63.4 2.8% 65.5% 10 Netherlands 61.9 2.8% 68.3% 11 Spain 59.0 2.6% 70.9% 12 United Kingdom 57.0 2.6% 73.5% 13 Taiwan 48.2 2.2% 75.6% 14 Canada 42.7 1.9% 77.6% 15 Thailand 40.1 1.8% 79.4% 16 Belgium 36.6 1.6% 81.0% 17 Turkey 23.4 1.1% 82.1% 18 Greece 22.8 1.0% 83.1% 19 South Africa, Rep. 22.5 1.0% 84.1% 20 Poland 21.9 1.0% 85.1% WORLD 2,228.9 100.0% Europe 681.1 30.3% CIS 41.5 1.9% Africa 42.5 1.8% Middle East 834.1 34.3% Austral-Asia 20.5 1.2% North America 544.8 27.8% Latin America 64.4 2.7% OPEC-13 14.9 0.8% OECD 1,548.1 73.6% EU-27 644.4 28.9% 44

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Albania 0.0 7.7 1 10 19 11 Austria 1.8 87.7 16 50 154 66 Bulgaria 0.4 5.7 6 15 26 21 Croatia 2.0 57.4 29 80 166 109 Czech Republic 0.2 13.9 27 10 51 37 Denmark 8.7 134.3 105 100 339 205 France 1.0 224.5 7 300 532 307 Germany 18.0 950.2 218 200 1,369 418 Greece 0.0 1.4 2 10 13 12 Hungary 2.5 211.2 55 80 346 135 Ireland 0.5 53.7 10 50 114 60 Italy 9.7 695.0 94 500 1,289 594 Malta 6 6 6 Netherlands 68.3 2,936.0 1,386 200 4,522 1,586 Norway 89.7 1,228.2 2,313 3,200 6,741 5,513 Poland 4.3 230.7 165 150 545 315 Portugal 40 40 40 Romania 10.9 1,220.5 625 400 2,246 1,025 Serbia 0.3 30.4 48 40 119 88 Slovakia 0.1 25.0 14 15 54 29 Spain 0.1 11.2 3 500 514 503 Turkey 0.9 9.3 8 20 38 28 United Kingdom 83.8 2,269.1 660 1,150 4,079 1,810 Azerbaijan 11.0 443.5 1,340 1,900 3,683 3,240 Belarus 0.2 11.5 3 20 34 23 Georgia 0.0 2.8 8 100 111 108 Kazakhstan 29.2 310.6 3,380 2,500 6,191 5,880 Kyrgyzstan 0.0 7.2 6 20 33 26 Moldova 20 20 20 Russia 650.8 17,357.9 47,693 83,000 148,051 130,693 Tajikistan 0.0 8.4 6 100 114 106 Turkmenistan 72.3 2,162.7 3,000 6,000 11,163 9,000 Ukraine 20.6 1,865.8 1,026 900 3,792 1,926 Uzbekistan 65.3 1,822.1 1,841 1,500 5,163 3,341 Algeria 84.8 1,736.4 4,515 1,500 7,751 6,015 Angola 0.8 17.3 270 1,200 1,487 1,470 Benin 1 20 21 21 Cameroon 135 150 285 285 Chad 50 50 50 Congo, DR (Zaire) 1 10 11 11 Congo, Rep. 91 300 391 391 Cote d Ivoire 1.5 16.6 28 170 215 198 Table continued 45

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Egypt 46.5 424.8 2,048 1,000 3,472 3,048 Equatorial Guinea 0.5 1.6 37 200 238 237 Eritrea 150 150 150 Ethiopia 25 20 45 45 Gabon 0.1 3.8 28 400 432 428 Ghana 23 30 53 53 Guinea-Bissau 6 6 6 Libya 15.3 219.2 1,495 600 2,314 2,095 Madagascar 5 5 5 Morocco 0.1 2.2 2 5 9 7 Mauritania 28 8 36 36 Mozambique 2.6 8.3 103 200 311 303 Namibia 62 300 362 362 Nigeria 34.1 249.4 5,296 3,500 9,045 8,796 Rwanda 57 20 77 77 Senegal 0.0 0.1 11 10 21 21 Seychelles 20 20 20 South Africa, Rep. 1.6 29.7 20 50 100 70 Somalia 6 400 406 406 Sudan 85 450 535 535 Tanzania 7 100 107 107 Togo 10 10 10 Tunisia 2.2 31.8 65 300 397 365 Western Sahara 2 2 2 Zimbabwe 10 10 10 Bahrain 11.5 186.9 85 200 472 285 Iran 106.7 1,352.2 27,803 11,000 40,155 38,803 Iraq 1.5 97.4 3,170 4,000 7,268 7,170 Israel 0.2 4.3 44 100 148 144 Jordan 0.2 3.9 6 100 110 106 Kuwait 12.1 240.3 1,784 500 2,524 2,284 Oman 24.1 210.7 850 900 1,960 1,750 Palestine 40 40 40 Qatar 59.8 522.7 25,600 2,500 28,623 28,100 Saudi Arabia 74.4 1,153.1 7,188 11,000 19,341 18,188 Syria 6.3 91.4 284 200 575 484 Yemen 0.2 2.2 488 500 990 988 United Arab Emirates 49.2 836.7 6,072 1,500 8,408 7,572 Afghanistan 0.0 55.9 100 500 656 600 Australia 43.6 742.0 2,510 2,000 5,252 4,510 Bangladesh 15.8 203.3 390 900 1,493 1,290 Table continued 46

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Brunei 12.3 324.9 343 300 968 643 Cambodia 50 50 50 China, PR 67.7 798.2 2,500 10,000 13,298 12,500 India 32.4 481.9 1,075 800 2,357 1,875 Indonesia 69.7 1,544.1 3,000 3,500 8,044 6,500 Japan 3.7 112.4 38 5 155 43 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 20 50 70 70 Laos 30 30 30 Malaysia 60.5 818.3 2,475 1,400 4,693 3,875 Myanmar (Burma) 14.7 97.9 600 700 1,398 1,300 New Zealand 4.0 129.3 30 100 259 130 Pakistan 30.8 563.8 850 800 2,214 1,650 Papua New Guinea 0.2 1.9 435 350 787 785 Philippines 3.1 16.0 99 200 315 299 Taiwan 0.6 49.4 6 5 61 11 Thailand 25.9 315.6 330 500 1,146 830 Vietnam 7.7 37.8 295 500 833 795 Canada 183.4 4,873.3 1,648 8,000 14,521 9,648 Greenland 0 2,300 2,300 2,300 Mexico 50.5 1,268.8 368 2,000 3,637 2,368 USA 546.1 29,749.4 5,978 15,000 50,727 20,978 Argentina 44.7 863.8 446 1,500 2,810 1,946 Barbados 0 200 200 200 Bolivia 14.3 144.9 750 700 1,595 1,450 Brazil 11.3 171.7 354 2,000 2,526 2,354 Chile 2.0 98.9 44 180 323 224 Colombia 7.5 177.1 125 400 702 525 Cuba 1.3 7.6 71 20 98 91 Ecuador 0.3 3.7 8 50 62 58 Grenada 23 23 23 Guatemala 3 5 8 8 Guyana 150 150 150 Paraguay 100 100 100 Peru 2.2 52.4 453 500 1,005 953 Surinam 100 100 100 Trinidad & Tobago 39.0 337.3 480 900 1,717 1,380 Uruguay 30 30 30 Venezuela 28.5 913.8 5,098 3,000 9,011 8,098 WORLD 3,013.2 86,792.9 182,830 206,770 476,396 389,600 Table continued 47

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Region Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Europe 303.2 10.405.1 5.792 7.126 23.323 12.918 CIS 849.5 23.992.6 58.303 96.060 178.355 154.363 Africa 190.2 2.737.9 14.437 11.196 28.371 25.633 Middle East 346.1 4.701.8 73.374 32.540 110.615 105.914 Austral-Asia 393.1 6.292.9 15.096 22.690 44.079 37.786 North America 780.0 35.891.5 7.995 27.300 71.186 35.295 Latin America 151.2 2.771.1 7.834 9.858 20.463 17.692 WORLD 3.013.2 86.792.9 182.830 206.770 476.396 389.600 OPEC-13 537.2 8.878.0 91.298 43.850 144.035 135.148 OECD 1.120.9 45.956.5 15.676 36.036 97.520 51.712 EU-27 210.3 11.312.9 3.393 3.776 18.482 7.169 48

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 15: Conventional Natural Gas Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 83,000 40.1% 40.1% 2 USA 15,000 7.3% 47.4% 3 Iran 11,000 5.3% 52.7% 4 Saudi Arabia 11,000 5.3% 58.0% 5 China, PR 10,000 4.8% 62.9% 6 Canada 8,000 3.9% 66.7% 7 Turkmenistan 6,000 2.9% 69.6% 8 Iraq 4,000 1.9% 71.6% 9 Nigeria 3,500 1.7% 73.3% 10 Indonesia 3,500 1.7% 75.0% 11 Norway 3,200 1.5% 76.5% 12 Venezuela 3,000 1.5% 78.0% 13 Kazakhstan 2,500 1.2% 79.2% 14 Qatar 2,500 1.2% 80.4% 15 Greenland 2,300 1.1% 81.5% 16 Australia 2,000 1.0% 82.5% 17 Mexico 2,000 1.0% 83.4% 18 Brazil 2,000 1.0% 84.4% 19 Azerbaijan 1,900 0.9% 85.3% 20 Uzbekistan 1,500 0.7% 86.0% Algeria 1,500 0.7% 86.8% United Arab Emirates 1,500 0.7% 87.5% Argentina 1,500 0.7% 88.2% 56 Germany 200 0.1% WORLD 206,770 100.0% Europe 7,126 3.5% CIS 96,060 46.5% Africa 11,196 5.4% Middle East 32,540 15.7% Austral-Asia 20,240 9.8% North America 27,300 13.2% Latin America 9,858 4.8% OPEC-13 43,850 21.2% OECD 36,036 17.4% EU-27 3,776 1.8% 49

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 16: Conventional Natural Gas Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 47,693 26.1% 26.1% 2 Iran 27,803 15.2% 41.3% 3 Qatar 25,600 14.0% 55.3% 4 Saudi Arabian 7,188 3.9% 59.2% 5 United Arab Emirates 6,072 3.3% 62.6% 6 USA 5,978 3.3% 65.8% 7 Nigeria 5,296 2.9% 68.7% 8 Venezuela 5,098 2.8% 71.5% 9 Algeria 4,515 2.5% 74.0% 10 Kazakhstan 3,380 1.8% 75.8% 11 Iraq 3,170 1.7% 77.6% 12 Turkmenistan 3,000 1.6% 79.2% 13 Indonesia 3,000 1.6% 80.8% 14 Australia 2,510 1.4% 82.2% 15 China, PR 2,500 1.4% 83.6% 16 Malaysia 2,475 1.4% 84.9% 17 Norway 2,313 1.3% 86.2% 18 Egypt 2,048 1.1% 87.3% 19 Uzbekistan 1,841 1.0% 88.3% 20 Kuwait 1,784 1.0% 89.3% 45 Germany 218 0.1% WORLD 182,814 100.0% Europe 5,792 3.2% CIS 58,303 31.9% Africa 14,426 7.9% Middle East 73,374 40.1% Austral-Asia 15,096 8.3% North America 7,995 4.4% Latin America 7,829 4.3% OPEC-13 91,298 49.9% OECD 15,676 8.6% EU-27 3,393 1.9% 50

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 17: Natural Gas Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 650.8 21.6% 21.6% 2 USA 546.1 18.1% 39.7% 3 Canada 183.4 6.1% 45.8% 4 Iran 106.7 3.5% 49.4% 5 Norway 89.7 3.0% 52.3% 6 Algeria 84.8 2.8% 55.2% 7 United Kingdom 83.8 2.8% 57.9% 8 Saudi Arabia 74.4 2.5% 60.4% 9 Turkmenistan 72.3 2.4% 62.8% 10 Indonesia 69.7 2.3% 65.1% 11 Netherlands 68.3 2.3% 67.4% 12 China, PR 67.7 2.2% 69.6% 13 Uzbekistan 65.3 2.2% 71.8% 14 Malaysia 60.5 2.0% 73.8% 15 Qatar 59.8 2.0% 75.8% 16 Mexico 50.5 1.7% 77.5% 17 United Arab Emirates 49.2 1.6% 79.1% 18 Egypt 46.5 1.5% 80.7% 19 Argentina 44.7 1.5% 82.1% 20 Australia 43.6 1.4% 83.6% 30 Germany 18.0 0.6% WORLD 3.013.2 100.0% Europe 304.9 10.1% CIS 849.5 28.2% Africa 187.6 6.2% Middle East 346.1 11.5% Austral-Asia 393.1 13.0% North America 780.0 25.9% Latin America 151.2 5.0% OPEC-13 537.2 17.8% OECD 1,120.9 37.3% EU-27 210.3 7.0% 51

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 18: Natural Gas Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 15 G.m³) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 USA 652.9 21.6% 21.6% 2 Russia 451.1 14.9% 36.5% 3 Iran 107.0 3.5% 40.0% 4 Japan 100.3 3.3% 43.3% 5 Germany 96.3 3.2% 46.5% 6 Canada 96.1 3.2% 49.7% 7 United Kingdom 96.1 3.2% 52.8% 8 Italy 84.9 2.8% 55.6% 9 Ukraine 69.9 2.3% 58.0% 10 Mexico 68.3 2.3% 60.2% 11 Saudi Arabia 67.5 2.2% 62.4% 12 China, PR 67.3 2.2% 64.7% 13 Uzbekistan 55.1 1.8% 66.5% 14 Netherlands 46.4 1.5% 68.0% 15 Argentina 44.0 1.5% 69.5% 16 India 44.0 1.5% 70.9% 17 France 42.7 1.4% 72.3% 18 United Arab Emirates 42.3 1.4% 73.7% 19 Turkey 36.6 1.2% 74.9% 20 Egypt 36.5 1.2% 76.2% 21 Indonesia 36.2 1.2% 77.3% 22 Thailand 35.9 1.2% 78.5% 23 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 34.8 1.2% 79.7% 24 Malaysia 34.7 1.1% 80.8% 25 Spain 34.4 1.1% 82.0% 26 Pakistan 34.2 1.1% 83.1% 27 Australia 29.4 1.0% 84.1% 28 Algeria 27.3 0.9% 85.0% 29 Venezuela 25.0 0.8% 85.8% 30 Brazil 23.2 0.8% 86.6% 31 Kazakhstan 21.5 0.7% 87.3% 32 Belarus 21.1 0.7% 88.0% 33 Qatar 19.5 0.6% 88.6% 34 Belgium 17.4 0.6% 89.2% 35 Poland 16.3 0.5% 89.7% 36 Romania 16.0 0.5% 90.3% 37 Bangladesh 15.8 0.5% 90.8% 38 Trinidad & Tobago 15.2 0.5% 91.3% Table continued 52

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 18: Natural Gas Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 15 G.m³) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups (continued) Region G.m³ Share Europe 574.0 19.0% CIS 651.7 21.5% Africa 95.6 3.2% Middle East 285.9 9.4% Austral-Asia 473.8 15.7% North America 817.2 27.0% Latin America 129.0 4.3% WORLD 3.027.3 100.0% OPEC-13 361.3 11.9% OECD 1,519.9 50.2% EU-27 522.5 17.3% 53

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 19: Natural Gas Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 205.2 22.5% 22.5% 2 Canada 107.3 11.7% 34.2% 3 Norway 86.2 9.4% 43.6% 4 Algeria 58.7 6.4% 50.1% 5 Netherlands 50.1 5.5% 55.5% 6 Turkmenistan 50.0 5.5% 61.0% 7 Qatar 39.3 4.3% 65.3% 8 Indonesia 33.1 3.6% 68.9% 9 Malaysia 31.6 3.5% 72.4% 10 USA 23.2 2.5% 74.9% 11 Nigeria 21.2 2.3% 77.3% 12 Australia 20.2 2.2% 79.5% 13 Trinidad & Tobago 18.2 2.0% 81.5% 14 Germany 16.4 1.8% 83.2% 15 Egypt 16.0 1.7% 85.0% 16 Kazakhstan 15.2 1.7% 86.7% 17 Uzbekistan 14.7 1.6% 88.3% 18 Oman 13.1 1.4% 89.7% 19 Bolivia 11.7 1.3% 91.0% 20 United Kingdom 10.4 1.1% 92.1% WORLD 913.5 100.0% Europe 175.8 19.2% CIS 291.1 31.9% Africa 107.2 11.7% Middle East 66.1 7.2% Austral-Asia 104.2 11.4% North America 132.1 14.5% Latin America 32.6 3.6% OPEC-13 175.9 19.3% OECD 228.6 25.0% EU-27 85.4 9.3% 54

ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 20: Natural Gas Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 USA 130.7 14.2% 14.2% 2 Japan 88.8 9.6% 23.8% 3 Germany 88.1 9.5% 33.3% 4 Italy 74.9 8.1% 41.4% 5 Ukraine 50.0 5.4% 46.9% 6 France 46.7 5.1% 51.9% 7 Russia 46.0 5.0% 56.9% 8 Turkey 36.6 4.0% 60.9% 9 Spain 35.1 3.8% 64.7% 10 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 34.4 3.7% 68.4% 11 United Kingdom 29.5 3.2% 71.6% 12 Belgium 22.5 2.4% 74.0% 13 Belarus 20.6 2.2% 76.3% 14 Netherlands 18.9 2.0% 78.3% 15 Canada 13.2 1.4% 79.8% 16 Mexico 11.0 1.2% 80.9% 17 Taiwan 10.9 1.2% 82.1% 18 Hungary 10.5 1.1% 83.3% 19 Brazil 10.0 1.1% 84.3% 20 India 10.0 1.1% 85.4% WORLD 922.9 100.0% Europe 435.1 47.1% CIS 131.7 14.3% Africa 4.8 0.5% Middle East 10.2 1.1% Austral-Asia 165.0 17.9% North America 154.9 16.8% Latin America 15.5 1.7% OPEC-13 7.9 0.9% OECD 699.2 75.8% EU-27 390.7 42.3% 55

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt]; for country related specifications see following tables Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential 1 2 3 4 5=3+4 Belgium 0 2,115 2,115 Bosnia-Herzegovina 484 146 630 Bulgaria 3.0 68 1,320 1,388 Czech Rep. 13.1 3,112 21,106 24,219 France 0.4 0 160 160 Germany 24.2 118 82,947 83,065 Hungary 276 5,075 5,351 Ireland 14 26 40 Italy 0.3 10 600 610 Montenegro 142 195 337 Netherlands 497 2,750 3,247 Norway 4.0 24 68 92 Poland 87.8 12,459 167,000 179,459 Portugal 3 n.s. 3 Romania 2.5 14 2,373 2,387 Serbia 0.1 154 420 574 Slovakia 97 386 483 Slovenia 56 39 95 Spain 11.0 868 3,363 4,231 Sweden 1 4 5 Turkey 2.5 413 793 1,206 United Kingdom 16.8 432 186,700 187,132 Armenia 163 154 317 Georgia 0.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Kazakhstan 90.4 18,947 99,200 118,147 Kyrgyzstan 0.1 971 27,528 28,499 Russia 241.3 69,946 2,662,155 2,732,101 Tajikistan 0.1 375 3,700 4,075 Turkmenistan 0 800 800 Ukraine 75.2 32,039 49,006 81,045 Uzbekistan 0.1 1,050 9,910 10,960 Algeria 59 164 223 Botswana 0.9 40 21,200 21,240 Congo, DR (Zaire) 0.1 88 900 988 Egypt 0.0 16 166 182 Madagascar 0 150 150 Malawi 0.1 2 800 802 Morocco 14 82 96 Mozambique 0.0 212 11,280 11,492 Namibia 0 350 350 Niger 0.2 n.a. 90 90 Nigeria 0.0 287 905 1,192 Table continued 56

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential 1 2 3 4 5=3+4 South Africa, Rep. 243.6 28,559 n.s. 28,559 Swaziland 0.4 144 4,500 4,644 Tanzania 0.0 200 1,500 1,700 Uganda 0 800 800 Zambia 0.2 45 900 945 Zimbabwe 3.7 502 10,000 10,502 Iran 2.0 419 45,000 45,419 Afghanistan 0.2 66 n.s. 66 Australia 323.0 39,600 108,600 148,200 Bangladesh 0.2 293 4,900 5.193 Bhutan 0.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. China, PR 2,479.2 167,000 4,200,000 4,367,000 India 451.6 73,090 156,777 229,867 Indonesian 231.2 2,890 21,058 23,948 Japan 1.4 355 12,234 12,589 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 28.6 600 10,000 10,600 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 2.9 331 1,036 1,367 Laos 4 58 62 Malaysia 0.9 141 1,068 1,209 Mongolia 4.0 1,170 39,854 41,024 Myanmar (Burma) 1.0 3 248 252 Nepal 0.0 1 7 8 New Caledonia 2 n.s. 2 New Zealand 4.6 825 2,350 3,175 Pakistan 4.0 89 443 532 Philippines 3.8 211 1,012 1,223 Taiwan 1 101 102 Vietnam 44.6 3,116 3,519 6,635 Canada 58.9 4,342 140,988 145,330 Greenland 183 200 383 Mexico 11.0 1,160 3,000 4,160 USA 967.9 231,922 6,487,760 6,719,682 Table continued 57

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Argentina 0.2 424 273 697 Bolivia 1 n.s. 1 Brazil 0.7 1,547 4,665 6,212 Chile 0.2 1,181 4,135 5,316 Colombia 69.9 5,298 9,929 15,227 Costa Rica 0 17 17 Peru 0.3 960 n.s. 960 Venezuela 8.4 479 6,955 7,434 WORLD 5,522.7 710,602 14,800,016 15,510,618 Europe 165.8 19,243 477,587 496,830 CIS 407.2 123,490 2,852,453 2,975,943 Africa 249.3 30,166 53,787 83,953 Middle East 2.0 419 45,000 45,419 Austral-Asia 3,581.1 289,788 4,563,266 4,853,054 North America 1,037.8 237,607 6,631,948 6,869,555 Latin America 79.6 9,890 25,974 35,864 Antarctica 0 150,000 150,000 OPEC-13 241.6 4,134 74,082 78,216 OECD 1,529.8 296,860 7,229,061 7,525,921 EU-27 159.1 18,026 475,965 493,991 n.a. not available despite production n.s. not specified 58

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 22: Hard Coal Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 6,487,760 43.8% 43.8% 2 China, PR 4,200,000 28.4% 72.2% 3 Russia* 2,662,155 18.0% 90.2% 4 United Kingdom 186,700 1.3% 91.5% 5 Poland 167,000 1.1% 92.6% 6 India 156,777 1.1% 93.7% 7 Canada 140,988 1.0% 94.6% 8 Australia 108,600 0.7% 95.3% 9 Kazakhstan 99,200 0.7% 96.0% 10 Germany 82,947 0.6% 96.6% 11 Ukraine* 49,006 0.3% 96.9% 12 Iran 45,000 0.3% 97.2% 13 Mongolia 39,854 0.3% 97.5% 14 Kyrgyzstan 27,528 0.2% 97.7% 15 Botswana 21,200 0.1% 97.8% 16 Czech Rep. 21,106 0.1% 97.9% 17 Indonesia 21,058 0.1% 98.1% 18 Japan 12,234 0.1% 98.2% 19 Mozambique 11,280 0.1% 98.2% 20 Zimbabwe 10,000 0.1% 98.3% WORLD 14,800,016 100.0% Europe 477,587 3.2% CIS 2,852,453 19.3% Africa 53,787 0.4% Middle East 45,000 0.3% Austral-Asia 4,563,266 30.8% North America 6,631,948 44.8% Latin America 25,974 0.2% Antarctica 150,000 1.0% OPEC-13 74,082 0.5% OECD 7,229,061 48.8% EU-27 475,965 3.2% * Hard coal resources contain only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 59

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 23: Hard Coal Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 231,922 32.6% 32.6% 2 China, PR 167,000 23.5% 56.1% 3 India 73,090 10.3% 66.4% 4 Russia* 69,946 9.8% 76.3% 5 Australia 39,600 5.6% 81.8% 6 Ukraine* 32,039 4.5% 86.3% 7 South Africa, Rep. 28,559 4.0% 90.4% 8 Kazakhstan 18,947 2.7% 93.0% 9 Poland 12,459 1.8% 94.8% 10 Columbia 5,298 0.7% 95.5% 11 Canada 4,342 0.6% 96.1% 12 Vietnam 3,116 0.4% 96.6% 13 Czech Rep. 3,112 0.4% 97.0% 14 Indonesia 2,890 0.4% 97.4% 15 Brazil 1,547 0.2% 97.6% 16 Chile 1,181 0.2% 97.8% 17 Mongolia 1,170 0.2% 98.0% 18 Mexico 1,160 0.2% 98.1% 19 Uzbekistan 1,050 0.1% 98.3% 20 Kyrgyzstan 971 0.1% 98.4% 48 Germany 118 0.0% WORLD 710,602 100.0% Europe 19,243 2.7% CIS 123,490 17.4% Africa 30,166 4.2% Middle East 419 0.1% Austral-Asia 289,788 40.8% North America 237,607 33.4% Latin America 9,890 1.4% OPEC-13 4,134 0.6% OECD 296,860 41.8% EU-27 18,026 2.5% * Hard coal reserves contain only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 60

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 24: Hard Coal Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 China, PR 2,479.2 44.9% 44.9% 2 USA 967.9 17.5% 62.4% 3 India 451.6 8.2% 70.6% 4 Australia 323.0 5.8% 76.4% 5 South Africa, Rep. 243.6 4.4% 80.9% 6 Russia* 241.3 4.4% 85.2% 7 Indonesia 231.2 4.2% 89.4% 8 Kazakhstan 90.4 1.6% 91.0% 9 Poland 87.8 1.6% 92.6% 10 Ukraine* 75.2 1.4% 94.0% 11 Columbia 69.9 1.3% 95.3% 12 Canada 58.9 1.1% 96.3% 13 Vietnam 44.6 0.8% 97.1% 14 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 28.6 0.5% 97.7% 15 Germany 24.2 0.4% 98.1% 16 United Kingdom 16.8 0.3% 98.4% 17 Czech Rep.* 13.1 0.2% 98.6% 18 Mexico 11.0 0.2% 98.8% 19 Spain 11.0 0.2% 99.0% 20 Venezuela 8.4 0.2% 99.2% WORLD 5,522.7 100.0% Europe 165.8 3.0% CIS 407.2 7.4% Africa 249.3 4.5% Middle East 2.0 0.0% Austral-Asia 3,581.1 64.8% North America 1,037.8 18.8% Latin America 79.6 1.4% OPEC-13 241.6 4.4% OECD 1,529.8 27.7% EU-27 159.1 2.9% * Hard coal production contains only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 61

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 25: Hard Coal Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 China, RR 2,477.0 44.9% 44.9% 2 USA 950.0 17.2% 62.1% 3 India 504.4 9.1% 71.2% 4 Japan 182.3 3.3% 74.5% 5 South Africa, Rep. 178.5 3.2% 77.8% 6 Russia* 166.1 3.0% 80.8% 7 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 92.1 1.7% 82.4% 8 Poland 87.4 1.6% 84.0% 9 Ukraine* 81.2 1.5% 85.5% 10 Australia 75.5 1.4% 86.9% 11 Germany 71.3 1.3% 88.2% 12 Taiwan 68.9 1.2% 89.4% 13 Kazakhstan 67.3 1.2% 90.6% 14 United Kingdom 62.7 1.1% 91.8% 15 Canada 49.2 0.9% 92.6% 16 Indonesia 36.2 0.7% 93.3% 17 Spain 33.1 0.6% 93.9% 18 Turkey 25.1 0.5% 94.4% 19 Korea, DVR (North Korea) 25.0 0.5% 94.8% 20 Italy 25.0 0.5% 95.3% WORLD 5,519.8 100.0% Europe 407.4 7.4% CIS 316.1 5.7% Africa 193.3 3.5% Middle East 15.1 0.3% Austral-Asia 3,540.3 64.1% North America 1,016.1 18.4% Latin America 31.7 0.6% OPEC-13 39.4 0.7% OECD 1,762.0 31.9% EU-27 377.4 6.8% * Hard coal consumption contains only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 62

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 26: Hard Coal Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Australia 250.0 27.4% 27.4% 2 Indonesia 195.0 21.3% 48.7% 3 Russia 98.6 10.8% 59.5% 4 South Africa, Rep. 67.7 7.4% 66.9% 5 Colombia 64.7 7.1% 74.0% 6 USA 53.2 5.8% 79.8% 7 China, PR 53.2 5.8% 85.6% 8 Canada 30.6 3.4% 89.0% 9 Vietnam 29.6 3.2% 92.2% 10 Kazakhstan 26.0 2.9% 95.1% 11 Poland 11.8 1.3% 96.4% 12 Venezuela 8.3 0.9% 97.3% 13 Czech Rep. 7.0 0.8% 98.1% 14 Korea, DVR (North Korea) 3.7 0.4% 98.5% 15 Norway 3.4 0.4% 98.8% 16 Ukraine 3.4 0.4% 99.2% 17 Mongolia 2.9 0.3% 99.5% 18 New Zealand 2.0 0.2% 99.8% 19 India 1.2 0.1% 99.9% 20 United Kingdom 0.3 0.0% 99.9% 21 Germany 0.3 0.0% 99.9% WORLD 913.4 100.0% Europe 23.0 2.5% CIS 128.0 14.0% Africa 67.8 7.4% Middle East 0.0 0.0% Austral-Asia 537.7 58.9% North America 83.9 9.2% Latin America 73.0 8.0% OPEC-13 203.3 22.3% OECD 358.9 39.3% EU-27 19.6 2.2% 63

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 27: Hard Coal Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Japan 186.1 20.3% 20.3% 2 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 88.3 9.7% 30.0% 3 Taiwan 68.9 7.5% 37.5% 4 India 54.1 5.9% 43.4% 5 China, VR 51.0 5.6% 49.0% 6 United Kingdom 50.3 5.5% 54.5% 7 Germany 47.5 5.2% 59.7% 8 USA 32.9 3.6% 63.3% 9 Italy 25.0 2.7% 66.0% 10 Spain 24.4 2.7% 68.7% 11 Russia 23.4 2.6% 71.3% 12 Turkey 22.5 2.5% 73.7% 13 Canada 21.0 2.3% 76.0% 14 France 20.4 2.2% 78.3% 15 Brazil 15.1 1.7% 79.9% 16 Thailand 14.2 1.6% 81.5% 17 Netherlands 13.0 1.4% 82.9% 18 Israel 12.6 1.4% 84.3% 19 Hong Kong 12.3 1.3% 85.6% 20 Malaysia 9.9 1.1% 86.7% WORLD 914.8 100.0% Europe 267.0 29.2% CIS 36.8 4.0% Africa 11.9 1.3% Middle East 13.4 1.5% Austral-Asia 500.4 54.7% North America 59.3 6.5% Latin America 26.1 2.9% OPEC-13 1.4 0.2% OECD 595.0 65.0% EU-27 239.8 26.2% 64

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 28: Lignite in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt]; for country related specifications see following tables Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Albania 0.1 794 n.s. 794 Austria 0.0 0 333 333 Bosnia-Herzegovina 9.5 2,369 1,814 4,182 Bulgaria 25.4 1,928 4,194 6,122 Croatia 0.0 n.a. 300 300 Czech Rep. 54.5 185 772 956 Finland 2.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. France 0.0 n.a. 114 114 Germany 180.4 40,818 36,760 77,578 Greece 64.4 2,876 3,554 6,430 Hungary 9.8 2,633 2,704 5,337 Italy 7 22 29 Macedonia 5.0 332 300 632 Montenegro 1.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. Poland 57.5 3,870 41,000 44,870 Portugal 33 33 66 Romania 35.5 408 7,947 8,355 Serbia 36.5 7,523 3,750 11,273 Slovakia 2.1 83 525 609 Slovenia 4.6 315 341 656 Spain 6.2 319 n.s. 319 Turkey 70.0 1,814 7,176 8,990 United Kingdom 1,000 1,000 Belarus 1,500 1,500 Kazakhstan 4.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Kyrgyzstan 0.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. Russia 71.3 91,607 1,279,680 1,371,287 Tajikistan 0.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Ukraine 0.2 2,336 5,381 7,717 Uzbekistan 3.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. Central African Republic 3 n.s. 3 Madagascar 37 37 Mali 3 3 Morocco 40 40 Niger 6 n.s. 6 Nigeria 250 250 Sierra Leone 2 2 Israel 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. Australia 72.3 37,300 173,500 210,800 Bangladesh 3 3 China, PR 70.0 25,000 627,000 652,000 India 32.8 420 475 896 Indonesia 28.0 4,091 29,807 33,898 Table continued 65

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 28: Lignite in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Japan 1,186 1,186 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 9.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Laos 0.2 499 22 521 Malaysia 0.0 39 412 451 Mongolia 4.7 1,350 119,426 120,776 Myanmar (Burma) 0.3 3 2 5 New Zealand 0.2 6,750 4,600 11,350 Pakistan 1.0 2,870 181,434 184.304 Philippines 105 912 1,017 Thailand 18.2 1,873 2,857 4,730 Vietnam 244 199,876 200,120 Canada 10.5 2,236 51,034 53,270 Mexico 8.0 51 n.s. 51 USA 71.2 31,049 1,369,714 1,400,763 Argentina 7,350 7,350 Brazil 5.7 5,049 12,587 17,636 Chile 0.1 n.a. 7 7 Dominican Republic 84 84 Ecuador 24 n.s. 24 Haiti 40 40 Peru 100 n.s. 100 WORLD 978.0 279,311 4,181,860 4,461,171 Europe 566.1 66,307 112,638 178,945 CIS 79.0 93,943 1,286,561 1,380,504 Africa 0.0 9 332 341 Middle East 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. Austral-Asia 236.8 80,544 1,341,513 1,422,056 North America 89.7 33,336 1,420,748 1,454,084 Latin America 5.8 5,173 20,068 25,241 OPEC-13 28.0 4,115 30,057 34,172 OECD 610.1 130,024 1,694,027 1,824,051 EU-27 443.3 53,475 99,299 152,774 n.a. not available despite production n.s. not specified 66

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 29: Lignite Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 1,369,714 32.8% 32.8% 2 Russia* 1,279,680 30.6% 63.4% 3 China, PR 627,000 15.0% 78.3% 4 Vietnam 199,876 4.8% 83.1% 5 Pakistan 181,434 4.3% 87.5% 6 Australia 173,500 4.1% 91.6% 7 Mongolia 119,426 2.9% 94.5% 8 Canada 51,034 1.2% 95.7% 9 Poland 41,000 1.0% 96.7% 10 Germany 36,760 0.9% 97.6% 11 Indonesia 29,807 0.7% 98.3% 12 Brazil 12,587 0.3% 98.6% 13 Romania 7,947 0.2% 98.8% 14 Argentina 7,350 0.2% 98.9% 15 Turkey 7,176 0.2% 99.1% 16 Ukraine* 5,381 0.1% 99.2% 17 New Zealand 4,600 0.1% 99.3% 18 Bulgaria* 4,194 0.1% 99.4% 19 Serbia 3,750 0.1% 99.5% 20 Greece 3,554 0.1% 99.6% WORLD 4,181,860 100.0% Europe 112,638 2.7% CIS 1,286,561 30.8% Africa 332 0.0% Middle East 0 0.0% Austral-Asia 1,341,513 32.1% North America 1,420,748 34.0% Latin America 20,068 0.5% OPEC-13 30,057 0.7% OECD 1,694,027 40.5% EU-27 99,299 2.4% * Lignite resources contain subbituminous coal 67

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 30: Lignite Reserves in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Russia* 91,607 32.8% 32.8% 2 Germany 40,818 14.6% 47.4% 3 Australia 37,300 13.4% 60.8% 4 USA 31,049 11.1% 71.9% 5 China, PR 25,000 9.0% 80.8% 6 Serbia 7,523 2.7% 83.5% 7 New Zealand 6,750 2.4% 85.9% 8 Brazil 5,049 1.8% 87.8% 9 Indonesia 4,091 1.5% 89.2% 10 Poland 3,870 1.4% 90.6% 11 Greece 2,876 1.0% 91.6% 12 Pakistan 2,870 1.0% 92.7% 13 Hungary 2,633 0.9% 93.6% 14 Bosnia-Herzegovina 2,369 0.8% 94.4% 15 Ukraine* 2,336 0.8% 95.3% 16 Canada 2,236 0.8% 96.1% 17 Bulgaria 1,928 0.7% 96.8% 18 Thailand 1,873 0.7% 97.4% 19 Turkey 1,814 0.6% 98.1% 20 Mongolia 1,350 0.5% 98.6% WORLD 279,311 100.0% Europe 66,307 23.7% CIS 93,943 33.6% Africa 9 0.0% Middle East 0 0.0% Austral-Asia 80,544 28.8% North America 33,336 11.9% Latin America 5,173 1.9% OPEC-13 4,115 1.5% OECD 130,024 46.6% EU-27 53,475 19.1% * Lignite reserves contain subbituminous coal 68

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 31: Lignite Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Germany 180.4 18.4% 18.4% 2 Australia 72.3 7.4% 25.8% 3 Russia* 71.3 7.3% 33.1% 4 USA 71.2 7.3% 40.4% 5 Turkey 70.0 7.2% 47.6% 6 China, PR 70.0 7.2% 54.7% 7 Greece 64.4 6.6% 61.3% 8 Poland 57.5 5.9% 67.2% 9 Czech Rep.* 54.5 5.6% 72.8% 10 Serbia 36.5 3.7% 76.5% 11 Romania 35.5 3.6% 80.1% 12 India 32.8 3.4% 83.5% 13 Indonesia 28.0 2.9% 86.4% 14 Bulgaria 25.4 2.6% 88.9% 15 Thailand 18.2 1.9% 90.8% 16 Canada 10.5 1.1% 91.9% 17 Hungary* 9.8 1.0% 92.9% 18 Bosnia-Herzegovina 9.5 1.0% 93.9% 19 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 9.0 0.9% 94.8% 20 Mexico 8.0 0.8% 95.6% WORLD 978.0 100.0% Europe 566.1 57.9% CIS 79.0 8.1% Africa 0.0 0.0% Middle East 0.6 0.1% Austral-Asia 236.8 24.2% North America 89.7 9.2% Latin America 5.8 0.6% OPEC-13 28.0 2.9% OECD 610.1 62.4% EU-27 443.3 45.3% * Lignite production contains subbituminous coal 69

ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 32: Lignite Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Germany 180.0 18.4% 18.4% 2 Australia 72.5 7.4% 25.8% 3 USA 71.3 7.3% 33.1% 4 Russia* 71.0 7.3% 40.4% 5 China, PR 70.0 7.2% 47.6% 6 Turkey 70.0 7.2% 54.7% 7 Greece 64.4 6.6% 61.3% 8 Poland 57.5 5.9% 67.2% 9 Czech Rep.* 53.9 5.5% 72.7% 10 Romania 36.7 3.8% 76.5% 11 Serbia 35.8 3.7% 80.2% 12 India 32.8 3.4% 83.5% 13 Indonesia 28.0 2.9% 86.4% 14 Bulgaria 27.9 2.9% 89.3% 15 Thailand 18.1 1.9% 91.1% 16 Canada 10.4 1.1% 92.2% 17 Hungary* 10.1 1.0% 93.2% 18 Bosnia-Herzegovina 9.5 1.0% 94.2% 19 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 9.0 0.9% 95.1% 20 Mexico 8.0 0.8% 95.9% WORLD 976.8 100.0% Europe 565.1 57.9% CIS 78.6 8.0% Africa 0.0 0.0% Middle East 0.6 0.1% Austral-Asia 236.9 24.3% North America 89.7 9.2% Latin America 5.8 0.6% OPEC-13 28.0 2.9% OECD 610.7 62.5% EU-27 442.8 45.3% * Lignite consumption contains subbituminous coal 70

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 33: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Uranium by Year-End 2007 [in kt U] Country Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining Potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Bulgaria 16.4 0 17 0 Czech Rep. 0.3 110.2 180 290 180 Denmark 92 92 92 Finland 0.0 1 1 1 France 0.0 76.0 12 88 12 Germany 0.1 219.5 81 300 81 Greece 1 13 14 14 Hungary 21.1 18 39 18 Italy 16 16 16 Portugal 3.7 9 12 9 Romania 0.1 18.3 13 31 13 Slovenia 7 7 7 Spain 5.0 11 16 11 Sweden 0.2 10 10 10 Turkey 7 7 7 Kazakhstan 6.6 119.0 236 1,617 1,972 1,853 Russia 3.4 136.2 48 1,536 1,720 1,584 Ukraine 0.8 13.3 27 477 518 504 Uzbekistan 2.3 32.6 55 331 419 386 Algeria 20 20 20 Central African Rep. 12 12 12 Congo, DR 25.6 3 28 3 Gabon 25.4 6 31 6 Malawi 12 12 12 Namibia 2.9 91.8 56 275 423 331 Niger 3.2 107.7 21 299 428 320 Somalia 8 8 8 South Africa, Rep. 0.5 156.0 115 1,658 1,929 1,773 Zambia 0.1 22 22 22 Zimbabwe 1 1 1 Iran 0.0 18 18 18 Jordan 44 281 325 325 Australia 8.6 147.0 709 1,243 2,099 1,952 China, PR 0.7 30.7 32 76 138 107 India 0.3 8.9 141 150 141 Indonesia 18 18 18 Japan 0.1 7 7 7 Mongolia 0.5 8 1,452 1,461 1,460 Pakistan 0.0 1.1 1 0 Table continued 71

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 33: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Uranium by Year-End 2007 [in kt U] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining Potential 1 2 3 4 5 6=3+4+5 7=4+5 Thailand 0 0 0 Vietnam 244 244 244 Canada 9.5 418.0 270 1,273 1,961 1,543 Mexico 0.0 15 15 15 USA 1.7 362.4 2,952 3,314 2,952 Argentina 2.5 5 13 21 19 Brazil 0.3 2.4 140 1,078 1,220 1,218 Chile 6 6 6 Colombia 228 228 228 Peru 29 29 29 Venezuela 163 163 163 WORLD 41.3 2,151.8 1,766 15,984 19,902 17,751 Europe 0.4 470.4 1 470 942 471 CIS 13.2 301.1 366 3,961 4,628 4,327 Africa 6.6 409.1 192 2,315 2,916 2,507 Middle East 0.0 44 299 343 343 Austral-Asia 9.6 157.7 749 3,181 4,087 3,929 North America 11.1 780.5 270 4,240 5,291 4,510 Latin America 0.3 4.9 145 1,518 1,668 1,663 OPEC-13 0.0 199 201 201 OECD 22.4 1,195.2 980 5,933 8,108 6,913 EU-27 0.5 470.4 1 452 923 453 Source: NEA (2008) 72

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 34: Uranium Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Ten) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region t Share Country cumulative 1 Australia 709,000 40.1% 40.1% 2 Canada 270,100 15.3% 55.4% 3 Kazakhstan 235,500 13.3% 68.8% 4 Brazil 139,600 7.9% 76.7% 5 South Africa, Rep 114,900 6.5% 83.2% 6 Namibia 56,000 3.2% 86.3% 7 Uzbekistan 55,200 3.1% 89.5% 8 Russia 47,500 2.7% 92.2% 9 Jordan 44,000 2.5% 94.6% 10 China, PR 31,800 1.8% 96.4% WORLD 1,766,400 100.0% Europe 1,000 0.1% CIS 365,600 20.7% Africa 192,200 10.9% Middle East 44,000 2.5% Austral-Asia 748,800 42.4% North America 270,100 15.3% Latin America 144,700 8.2% OECD 980,100 55.5% EU-27 1,000 0.1% Source: NEA (2008) 73

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 35: Uranium Resources in 2007: Main Countries (> 20 kt U) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups [in kt] Country/ Region RAR 40-130$/kg U Discovered Undiscovered Share Inferred Prognosticatelative Specu- cumula Total Total Country <130$/kg U tive 1 2 3 4=2+3 5 6 7=4+5+6 8 9 USA 339 339 1,612 1,340 2,952 18.5% 18.5% South Africa. Rep. 284 151 435 545 1,113 1,658 10.4% 28.8% Kazakhstan 378 439 817 1,117 500 1,617 10.1% 39.0% Russia 172 373 546 822 714 1,536 9.6% 48.6% Mongolia 46 16 62 62 1,390 1,452 9.1% 57.7% Canada 329 94 423 573 700 1,273 8.0% 65.6% Australia 725 518 1,243 1,243 1,243 7.8% 73.4% Brazil 157 121 278 578 500 1,078 6.7% 80.1% Ukraine 135 65 200 222 255 477 3.0% 83.1% Uzbekistan 72 39 111 196 135 331 2.1% 85.2% Niger 243 31 274 299 299 1.9% 87.1% Jordan 44 68 112 197 85 281 1.8% 88.8% Namibia 176 99 275 275 275 1.7% 90.5% Vietnam 1 5 6 14 230 244 1.5% 92.1% Columbia 11 217 228 1.4% 93.5% Czech Rep. 1 0,1 1 1 179 180 1.1% 94.6% Venezuela 163 163 1.0% 95.6% India 49 24 73 124 17 141 0.9% 96.5% Denmark 20 12 32 32 60 92 0.6% 97.1% Germany 3 4 7 7 74 81 0.5% 97.6% China, PR 49 19 68 72 4 76 0.5% 98.1% Peru 1 2 3 10 20 29 0.2% 98.3% Zambia 22 22 0.1% 98.4% Algeria 20 20 20 20 0.1% 98.5% WORLD 3,338 2,131 5,469 8,238 7,746 15,984 100.0% Europe 57 57 114 144 326 470 2.9% CIS 758 916 1,674 2,358 1,604 3,961 24.8% Africa 760 285 1,045 1,202 1,113 2,315 14.5% Middle East 45 69 113 202 97 299 1.9% Austral-Asia 881 584 1,465 1,527 1,654 3,181 19.9% North America 670 95 764 2,190 2,050 4,240 26.5% Latin America 169 126 295 615 903 1,518 9.5% OPEC-13 5 2 7 12 188 199 1.2% OECD 1,447 661 0 3,560 2,373 5,933 37.1% EU-27 45 50 7 126 326 452 2.8% Source: NEA (2008) 74

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 36: Uranium Mining Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Ten) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region t Share Country cumulative 1 Canada 9,476 23.0% 23.0% 2 Australia 8,611 20.9% 43.8% 3 Kazakhstan 6,637 16.1% 59.9% 4 Russia 3,413 8.3% 68.2% 5 Niger 3,153 7.6% 75.8% 6 Namibia 2,879 7.0% 82.8% 7 Uzbekistan 2,320 5.6% 88.4% 8 USA 1,654 4.0% 92.4% 9 Ukraine 846 2.0% 94.5% 10 China, PR 712 1.7% 96.2% 17 Germany 41 0.1% WORLD 41,279 100.0% Europe 425 1.0% CIS 13,216 32.0% Africa 6,571 15.9% Austral-Asia 9,638 23.3% North America 11,130 27.0% Latin America 299 0.7% OECD 20,089 48.7% EU-27 425 1.0% Source: RWE NUKEM Data Feature 2007 75

ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 37: Uranium Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 5 Mtoe) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mtoe Share Country cumulative 1 USA 192.1 31.0% 31.0% 2 France 99.7 16.1% 47.1% 3 Japan 63.1 10.2% 57.2% 4 Russia 36.2 5.8% 63.1% 5 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) 32.3 5.2% 68.3% 6 Germany 31.8 5.1% 73.4% 7 Canada 21.1 3.4% 76.8% 8 Ukraine 20.9 3.4% 80.2% 9 Sweden 15.3 2.5% 82.7% 10 China, PR 14.2 2.3% 85.0% 11 United Kingdom 14.1 2.3% 87.2% 12 Spain 12.5 2.0% 89.2% 13 Belgium & Luxemburg 10.9 1.8% 91.0% 14 Taiwan 9.2 1.5% 92.5% 15 Switzerland 6.3 1.0% 93.5% 16 Czech Rep. 5.9 1.0% 93.4% 17 Finland 5.4 0.9% 94.3% Source: BP (2008) WORLD 620.0 100.0% Europe 216.8 35.0% CIS 57.1 9.2% Africa 3.0 0.5% Austral-Asia 123.3 19.9% North America 215.6 34.8% Latin America 4.4 0.7% OECD 529.9 85.5% EU-27 210.5 34.0% 76

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Abbreviations and Definitions A API ARA American Petroleum Institute. The main U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerpen B B, bbl Barrel: (1 bbl = 158,984 l). boe barrel(s) oil equivalent (1 boe = 0,136 toe). BDI Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie: Federal Association of German Industry BP British Petroleum, international energy company with headquarters in London, UK. BTL Biomass to liquid, is a process to produce liquid biofuels from biomass (Fischer-Tropsch process). Btu British thermal unit. 1 Btu equals c. 1060 J. C cif cost, insurance, freight. Common term in a sales contract that may be encountered in international trading, especially in sea transport. The selling price includes the cost of the goods, the freight or transport costs and the cost of marine insurance. CIS Community of Independent States (former USSR not including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) Conventional Oil crude oil capable of flowing, has an API value greater than 20 Crude Oil a natural mixture of liquid hydrocarbons CTL Cumulative production coal to liquid is a process to produce liquid fuels from coal (synthesized gas process or Fischer-Tropsch process). amount of fuels produced from start of production up to date D Depletion mid-point the time at which half of the original reserves of the total potential has been produced 77

GLOSSARY E EAR EIA EUR EU-15, -25, -27 EUR F fob G Gas hydrate GTL H Hard coal Estimated additional resources Energy Information Agency of the US Department of Energy Estimated Ultimate Recovery: the sum of cumulative production, reserves and resources. see.: Economic groups Estimated Ultimate Recovery: free on board Solids formed under certain pressure and temperature conditions (even above 0 C) from water and methane. Gas To Liquid is a process to produce synthetic fuels from natural gas. anthracite, bituminous coal and hard brown coal; calorific value >6,500 kj/kg. I IEA International Energy Agency (headquarters in Paris), belongs to OECD IR Inferred Resources, identified uranium resources (previously EAR I) with higher uncertainty than RAR L Lignite LNG brown coal; calorific value < 16,500 kj/kg Liquefied Natural Gas: (natural gas that has been liquefied for transport); 1 t of LNG contains about 1400 Nm³ natural gas, 1 m³ of LNG weighs about 0.42 t). O OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (headquarters in Paris). OPEC OPEC-10 OPEC-11 OPEC-13 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (headquarters in Vienna). OPEC-members (status at year-end 2006) without Iraq OPEC-members (status at year-end 2007) without Indonesia and Iraq OPEC-members (status at year-end 2007) without Iraq 78

GLOSSARY OPEC Basket P PEV R RAR remaining potential Reserve growth Reserves Resources S SPE T tce toe Price-index of OPEC crude oil: from 1.1.1987 to 15.06.2005 mean average for Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Dubai (UAE), Tia Juana Light (Venezuela) and Isthmus (Mexico); from 16.6.2005: Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Iran), Basrah Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Ess Sider (Liya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE) und BCF-17 (Venezuela) from January 2007 additionally Girassol (Angola) form 19.10.2007 additional Oriente (Ecuador) PrimärEnergieVerbrauch: total primary energy supply (TPES) reasonably assured resources, the lowest cost class of uranium reserves. sum of reserves and resources increase in reserves in an oil or gas field resulting from the use of enhanced production methods and improved knowledge of the deposit. the quantity that can be recovered from a mineral deposit at current prices with current technology. demonstrated quantities that cannot be recovered at current prices with current technology but might be recoverable in the future, as well as quantities that are geologically possible but not demonstrated. Society of Petroleum Engineers tons coal equivalent (~29.308 GJ = 7 Gcal) tons oil equivalent (~1.428 tce). W WPC World Petroleum Congress 79

GLOSSARY Definition of Reserves and Resources To avoid misunderstandings, the terms reserves and resources are defined here for all energy resources dealt with in this report. Reserves: are that amount of energy resources, which is known in detail and can be recovered economically using current technology. That means that the level of reserve figures depends on price as well as on technological progress. The dependence of reserves on price is especially noticeable in the case of uranium, the only energy resource for which production cost is a basis for the distinction between reserves and resources. The fluctuations observed for uranium would be seen in the figures for the other nonrenewable fuels if the corresponding data were available. For uranium the term "reasonably assured resources" is used. This includes uranium ore recoverable up to US$40 per kg U, which is considered as reserves in this report. Resources: are that amount of energy resources which are either (i) proved but at present not economically recoverable, or (ii) geologically indicated. In the case of hydrocarbons, only recoverable amounts are considered. For coal this term is used for all resources inplace. Total resources for coal and uranium identical to remaining potential for hydrocarbons: The sum of reserves plus resources. Note that the reserves are not included in the resources. Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR): Comprises the cumulative production, reserves and resources is used mainly for hydrocarbons. 80

GLOSSAR Definitions of Reserves and Resources Crude oil Cumulative Reserves Resources Natural gas production technologically and economically minable demonstrated, not minable at present for technological and/or economic reasons not demonstrated, geologically possible remaining potential Total potential, estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) Coal Cumulative production Recoverable reserves* other in situ resources Total resources Uranium Cumulative Reserves Resources production discovered undiscovered RAR <$40/kg U RAR $40 80/kg U IR <$80/kg U RAR + IR >$80/kg U Prognosti cated Resource s Speculative Resources Total resources RAR Reasonably Assured Resources IR Inferred Resources (former EAR I: Estimated Additional Resources I) * under the current conditions of the respective country 81

GLOSSAR Country groups (regional) Europe Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroer Islands (to Denmark), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gibraltar (to UK), Hungary, Ireland, Island, Isle of Man (to UK), Italy, Canal Islands (to UK), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia (with Kosovo and Vojvodina), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City, Yugoslavia CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States; 12 countries) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgisistan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Africa Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabinda (to Angola), Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Democratic Republic, former Zaire), Congo (Republic), Cote d Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda,, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (Republic), St. Helena (to UK), Sudan, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara (Democratic Arabic Republic), Zambia, Zimbabwe, Middle East Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Austral-Asia Austral -part: Australia, Belau (Palau Islands, to USA), Cook Islands (to New Zealand), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam (to USA), Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Islands (to Australia), Northern Marianas, Timor-Leste, Palau, Pacific Islands (to USA), Pitcairn Island (to UK), Ryukyu Islands, Samoa (Western Samoa), Samoa (to USA), Solomon Islands, Tokelau Islands (to New Zealand), Tonga, Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), Vanuatu (New Hebrides), Wallis & Futuna (to France), West-Timor (to Indonesia) Asia -part: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, China (Republic; too: Taiwan), China (Peoples Republic), India, Indonesia, Japan, Cambodia, Korea (Democratic Peoples Republic; too North Korea), Korea (Republic; too South Korea), Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New-Caledonia, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, North America Greenland, Canada, Mexico, USA Latin America (Middle- and South America without Mexico) Anguilla (to UK), Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermudas, Bolivia, Brazil, Caiman Islands (to UK), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (to UK), French Guyana (to France), Grenada, 82

GLOSSAR Guadeloupe (to France), Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique (to France), Montserrat (to UK), Netherlands Antilles (to Netherlands), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico (to USA), St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Islands (to UK), Uruguay, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (to UK), Virgin Islands (to USA) Economic Groups European Union (EU-15) Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Sweden, Spain European Union (EU-25) European Union (from 1.5.2004): EU-15 plus new members: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Cyprus European Union (EU-27) European Union (from 1.1.2007): EU-25 plus new members: Bulgaria and Romania OECD (founded. 1949; 30 countries) Australia (1971), Austria (1996), Belgium (1949), Canada (1960), Czech Republic (1995), Denmark (1949), Finland (1969), France (1964), Germany (1949), Greece (1964), Hungary (1996), Ireland (1964), Island (1964), Italy (1964), Japan (1964), Luxemburg (1964), Mexico (1994), New Zealand (1973), Netherlands (1996), Norway (1996), Poland (1996), Portugal (1959), Slovakia (2000), Spain (1959), South Korea (1996), Sweden (1959), Switzerland (1959), Turkey (1996), United Kingdom (1964), USA (1960) OPEC (per 31.12.2007) Algeria, Angola (from January 2007), Ecuador (to 31.12.1992 and from 16.10.2007), Gabon (to 10.06.1996), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela Natural Gas Markets European gas market Europe, CIS, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara (Democratic Arabic Republic) Asian gas market Austral-Asia, Middle East North American gas market North America Latin American gas market Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay 83

GLOSSAR Measures J Joule 1 J = 1Ws (Wattsecond) GJ Gigajoule 1GJ = 10 9 J = 278 kwh = 0,0341 tce TJ Terajoule 1 TJ = 10 12 J = 278. 10 3 kwh = 34,1 tce PJ Petajoule 1 PJ = 10 15 J = 278. 10 6 kwh = 34,1. 10 3 tce EJ Exajoule 1 EJ = 10 18 J = 278. 10 9 kwh = 34,1. 10 6 tce m³ 1 cubic meter = 1000 Litre M.m³ 1 Mega cubic meter = 10 6 m³ G.m³ 1 Giga cubic meter = 10 9 m³ T.m³ 1 Tera cubic meter = 10 12 m³ lb 1 pound 1 lb = 373,242 g t 1 ton = 1000 kg kt 1 Kiloton = 1000 t Mt 1 Megaton = 10 6 t Gt 1 Gigaton = 10 9 t Tt 1 Teraton = 10 12 t 84