Anaerobic Digestion of Source Separated Organics in America Nora Goldstein, Editor BioCycle www.biocycle.net www.biocyclerefor.com 1
Presentation Overview MSW and SSO Management Trends in U.S. Overview of AD Facility Infrastructure for SSO Preprocessing of food waste streams Case studies Regulations Questions? 2
MSW Generated, Recovered, Disposed (2011) Why U.S. is focused on food waste Material Generated (million tons) Recovered (million tons) Disposed (million tons) Food Waste 36.31 1.40 34.91 3.9 Plastics 31.84 2.65 29.19 8.3 Metals 21.95 7.51 14.44 34.2 Yard Trimmings 33.71 19.30 14.41 57.3 Paper & Paperboard 70.02 45.90 24.12 65.6 Percent recovered USEPA. 2013. MSW Generation, Recycling and Disposal in U.S. 3
BioCycle-Columbia 2010 State of Garbage Report (2008 data) 69% landfilled; 24% recycled + composted; 7% WTE 4
U.S. Energy Policy? Still Fossil-Fuel Focused Example Comparison Production Biogas: > 90 Sm 3 /ton of Organic Waste Electric Energy: > 8,000,000 kwh/year Compost: 12,000 tons/year Gate Fees and Product Sales Organic Waste: 90 $ / ton No Gate Fee for Structural Material Electricity to Grid: $ 0.36 /kwh Internal Use of Heat Free Compost to Local Community Data courtesy of BioMRF, Inc. 5
Mandatory Commercial Food Waste Recycling 2011 CT: Public Act 11-217 2012 VT: Universal Recycling Law, Act 148 Includes all organics, including residential, by 2020 2013 CT: Public Act 13-285 (update to 2011) NYC: Local Law 146-2013 2014 MA: 310 CMR 19.000 regulations CA: Restriction for using organics for alternate daily cover(pending) CA: Mandatory Commercial Food Waste Recycling (Pending) 6
Integrated Solutions 7
Integrated Solutions 8
Food Rescue and Access Calculation by City of San Diego Environmental Services Dept 9
American Biogas Council: The Voice of the US Biogas Industry The only U.S. organization representing the biogas and anaerobic digestion industry 198 Organizations from the U.S., Germany, Italy, Canada, Sweden, Belgium and the UK All Industry Sectors Represented: project developers/owners anaerobic digestion designers equipment and supply chain companies waste managers waste water companies farms composters utilities consultants and EPCs financial firms 250 200 150 100 50 0 ABC Membership Since 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 Organizations Linear (Organizations) 10
U.S. Biogas Market Current and Potential 192 on Farm (Dairy AND Swine) 1,238 Wastewater (860 use their biogas ) 594 at Landfills 2,000+ Operational Biogas Systems 12,000+ Potential Biogas Systems 8,200 on Farm (Dairy AND Swine) 4,200 Wastewater 540 at Landfills 11
Categories of SSO AD Projects in U.S. Wet and dry digesters processing source separated organics, primarily food waste streams Some solely commercial Some public/private partnerships Farm digesters receiving deliveries of off-farm substrates, including commercial SSO Commercial/Captive Codigestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants 12
Anaerobic Digesters in Ohio Source: Ohio EPA 13
Digester PRODUCTS Market Potential* $2.9 Billion *agricultural sector only Source: Innovation Center for US Dairy 14
Current U.S. Composting Industry Source: BioCycle Magazine (www.biocycle.net) Food Waste >500 (2014; BioCycle s www.findacomposter.com) Yard Trimmings 3,450 (2013 data; 44 states reporting) Biosolids 265 (2010 data) Farm Composting 600 (guess) Universities, institutions >1,000 (estimate) K-12 Schools >2,000 (guess) 15
Elizabethtown College & Brubaker Farms Food Waste Preprocessing Options Pulp food waste from 2,400 meals/day Pressed to 80% solids Capture grey water that is pumped to tank on same truck with 32-gallon totes Farm receives $400/month in tip fees Has 25,000 gallon reception pit About 725 milking cows Takes food processing substrates Mike Brubaker interested in starting a food waste collection cooperative with other area farm digesters 16
Michigan State University plug flow digester: Pulped pre and postconsumer collected in compactor Preconsumer food prep and line waste in totes. Photos courtesy of Michigan State University 17
Kroger Recovery System, Compton, California 150 tons/day food waste 350+ stores in southern CA Digested solids go off-site for composting 18
Depackaging 19
Clean World, Sacramento, CA 20
Ohio State University: Blackwell Hotel 21
22
23
Central Contra Costa Solid Waste Authority (CA) commercial organics collection Collected SSO Ground material: 50-60% wet wt. Transported to East Bay Munc. Util. District, Oakland, CA 24
East Bay Municipal Utilities District, Oakland, CA: Food Waste Processing Two, 4-blade paddle finisher Screen and extruded pulp 25
Waco, Texas Metropolitan Area Regional Sewerage System Des Moines, Iowa Water Reclamation Facility 26
Zero Waste Energy Development, San Jose, California Three-phased project: 90,000 tons/phase Phase 1: Commercial organics collected in San Jose wet/dry program 15 year contract with City of San Jose Technology: Zero Waste Energy/KompoFerm Electricity generation; eventually renewable CNG 27
28
29
30
31
Monterey Regional Regional Waste Mngt. District Marina, CA Designed to process 5,000 tons/year 70% food, 30% green waste 4 containers 60-65 tons each Thermophilic phase to AD Blended with woody materials and composted SmartFerm technology 32
33
34
35
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Food Waste, Yard Trimmings, Bedding Capacity of 8,000 tpy Taking 150-200 tons/week 28-day retention in digester Composting of digestate Totally enclosed, with biofilter for air treatment Biogas combusted in CHP unit Generated 8% of UWO overall energy consumption BIOFerm dry fermentation Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh 36
Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh 37
Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh 38
Food Waste, Yard Trimmings Food waste from campus, and grocery stores, restaurants in region 48% Recycled Digestate 31% Farm bedding 15% Food waste 6% Yard trimmings, woody material Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh 39
Farm Bedding, Recycled Digestate Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh 40
41
Quasar Zanesville (Ohio) 42
43
Harvest Power Energy Garden in Reedy Creek, Orlando, Florida Technology: Continuous stirred tank reactor Feedstocks: ICI food waste, FOG, biosolids Design Capacity: 130,000 tons/year Energy: 5 MW End product: 6,000 tons/year of granulated fertilizer Colocated at WWTP Source: Harvest Power 44
Food waste preprocessing Turbo Separator: Depackaging D Source: Harvest Power 45
Michigan State University South Campus Anaerobic Digester Source: Anaergia 46
South Campus Anaerobic Digester site plan South Campus Anaerobic Digester Facility MSU Dairy Teaching & Research Center South Campus Composting Facility Source: Kirk, MSU Google Earth, July 2013 47
Dairy Manure (43%) Quantity: 7,000 ton/yr Total Solids: 12% Delivery: 7 days per week Fruit & Vegetable Waste (24%) Quantity: 3,900 ton/yr Total Solids: 11% Delivery: 5 days per week Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) (30%) Quantity: 5,000 ton/yr Total Solids: 20% Delivery: 4-6 days per week Campus Food waste (3%) Quantity: 500-1,000 ton/yr MSU South Campus digester feedstock blend Source: Dana Kirk, MSU 48
Regulations & Permitting Materials and Waste Management Livestock Environmental Permitting Surface Water Air Pollution Control Source: Ohio EPA 49
Solid Waste Considerations Wastes as feedstocks for fuel production Air & water permitting requires enclosed receiving & storage Processing activities similar to those at legitimate recycling facilities Source: Ohio EPA 50
Conversion Technologies Policy Thermal & biological conversion No solid waste disposal permitting when: waste used as feedstock for biogas/biofuel production covered by clean air/water permits not acting as a transfer facility Composting of byproducts Regulated as separate activity Source: Ohio EPA 51
Join Us! www.biocyclerefor.com Thank You! noragold@jgpress.com www.biocycle.net 52