van der Kamp: Characterizing drought: - Comparison of evapotranspiration from forest and grassland Fluxnet sites (with Barr and Zhan, Environment Canada). - groundwater levels water level records for shallow provincial observation wells (with Sauchyn, U of Regina). - Comparison of geological weighing lysimeters and GRACE (with Yirdaw and Snelgrove, Memorial U). - Soil moisture regional: geological weighing lysimeters (with Anochikwa and Barbour, U of Saskatchewan).
Saskatchewan BERMS Forest flux sites (Old Aspen OA, Old Black Spruce - OBS and Old Jack Pine OJP) compared with Alberta Grassland site (ABG): Comparison of Monthly E,α and G s Between Dry year (2003 for SK Sites, 2001 for ABG) And Wet Year 2005 [Zhan et al. in prep]
Duck Lake SK Observation wells: water levels, 1964-2006 [Source: SK Watershed Authority, www.swa.ca] 0.000 Duck Lake #1 Duck Lake #2 1.000 2.000 3.000 Aquifer Aquitard 34 m 118 m 4.000 Aquifer 134 m 480 Aquitard 479 478 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Water table depth (m) Duck Lake 1 Depth below ground level (m) Water level (m asl) Duck Lake #2 Observation well
Shallow observation wells in SK water level records 1964-2007: water table depths below ground level (m) 0.000-1.000-2.000 Water level (m bgl) -3.000-4.000-5.000-6.000-7.000 ATTON's Lk CONQ 501 DUCKLAKE 1 FORGET MELFORT SIMPSON 13 STENEN SWANSON VERLO -8.000-9.000-10.000 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 Years
Shallow observation wells in SK water level changes 1964-2007 Water-table drawdown during the 2001-2003 drought averaged about 0.5 m, corresponding to ~ 150 mm groundwater storage depletion 2.500 2.000 1.500 Watere level change (m) 1.000 0.500 0.000-0.500-1.000-1.500 ATTON's Lk CONQ 501 DUCKLAKE 1 FORGET MELFORT SIMPSON 13 STENEN SWANSON VERLO Average -2.000-2.500 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 Years
Overview of the Weighing Lysimeter Instrumentation Fundamentals Change of mechanical surface loading is instantaneously transmitted to deep saturated formations resulting in change of pore water pressure; Piezometers in saturated formations can therefore detect pore pressure changes due to hydrological processes such as: Snow accumulation; Conceptual Sketch of Piezometric Weighing Lysimeter Installation Rainfall; Evapotranspiration tens of meters p Aquitard - highcompressibility - lowpermeability Pressure Transducer Van der Kamp et al, 2003 t
Deep observation wells = Geological weighing lysimeters southern Saskatchewan, 1965-2008 1.000 0.800 0.600 Duck Lake #2 Hearts Hill Lilac Tyner Obs well average change (m) 0.400 Water level change (m) 0.200 0.000-0.200-0.400-0.600-0.800-1.000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year
Regional water storage changes in southern Saskatchewan: - Average of 4 Geological Weighing Lysimeter wells, - Average of 9 water table wells. 0.300 Average - Geological weighing lysimeter wells (m) 0.200 Average - shallow water table wells (m) Water storage change (m) 0.100 0.000-0.100-0.200-0.300 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Years
Regional water storage changes in southern Saskatchewan: - GRACE for southern Saskatchewan [provided by Yirdaw and Snelgrove] - Average of Geological Weighing Lysimeter wells - Average of water table wells 0.300 Average - Geological weighing lysimeter wells (m) GRACE (m) 0.200 Average - shallow water table wells (m) Water storage change (m) 0.100 0.000-0.100-0.200-0.300 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Years
Location of Duck Lake observations wells and Watflood grid cell [Marin et al. in prep.] CANADA DUCK LAKE REGION Approximate Eolian Hummocky Sand boundary SASKATCHEWAN Grid Of study Approximate Hatfield Valley Aquifer boundary North Saskatchewan River Precipitation gauges Duck Lake Observation Wells No s 1 and 2 South Saskatchewan River
Comparison of Duck Lake No. 2 (geological weighing lysimeter) water level record with Watflood simulation of the vertical water balance 300 200 Water Storage Change (mm) 100 0-100 -200-300 -400 Vertical Water Balance - Modeled with WATFLOOD Water level Duck Lake No. 2 - Observed 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year
Comparison of Duck Lake No. 1 (water table storage change) with Watflood simulation of the changes of groundwater storage 300 200 Water storage change [mm] 100 0-100 -200-300 Watflood Lower zone storage (LZS) Water Table Storage Change - Duck Lake No. 1 Observed -400 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Years
Modeling of Piezometric Lysimeter Response to Rainfall & Evapotranspiration and water table changes (Anochikwa, MSc U of Saskatchewan) Evapotranspiration Rainfall Rainfall (Using Environment Canada Data)
Simulation of observed lysimeter response using SeepW/SigmaW geotechnical model RESULTS: Superposition (or Coupled) and Measured (C) Properties Value Bbar 0.905 E (MPa) 560 n 0.26 Ss (/m) 1.29E-5 Kv (m/day) 1.2 E-5 D (m2/day) 1.94 Characteristi 229 c time scale (days)
Water storage changes observed for Duck Lake SK observation wells 1965-2007: Duck Lake No. 1 Shallow water table well with specific yield = 0.30 Duck Lake No. 2 Deep well in confined aquifer (geological weighing lysimeter) 700 600 500 400 Duck Lake No. 1 300 200 100 0-100 -200-300 Duck Lake No. 2-400 -500 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 200 200 2010 Y ear
Shallow observation wells in AB water level records 1965-2006: water table depths below ground level (m) 0.00 Water Level (m bgl) 5.00 10.00 15.00 Well 105 Well 106 Well 129 Well 159 Well 162 Well 172 Well 219 Well 251 Well 252 Well 260 Well 371 Well 379 20.00 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 Years
Shallow observation wells in AB water level changes 1965-2006 Water table drawdown averaged ~ 0.6 m corresponding to about 200 mm depletion of groundwater storage. But note lack of recovery after the drought -2.00-1.50 Water level change (m) -1.00-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 Well 105 Well 106 Well 129 Well 159 Well 162 Well 172 Well 219 Well 251 Well 252 Well 260 Well 371 Well 379 Average 2.50 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 Years