International CCS Symposium for Low Carbon Society 12th February 2015 10:35 11:05 Towards a Low-Carbon Society - Climate Change Policy in Japan - Hiroaki Takiguchi Director Low-Carbon Society Promotion Office Global Environment Bureau Ministry of the Environment, Japan(MOEJ) 1
Trend of GHG Emissions in Japan Emissions (Billion t CO 2 eq.) 1.4 1.3 1,261 Mt 1,377 Mt <+2.4% over PY> 1,373 Mt 1,361 Mt < 1.2% from PY*> (*PY= previous year) 1,394 Mt 1,310 Mt < 6.0%from PY> 1,234 Mt < 5.8% from PY> 1,286 Mt <+4.2%over PY> Great East Japan Earthquake (March 2011) Japan achieved its Kyoto target. 1,337 Mt <+3.9% over PY> <+2.7% over PY> 1,395 Mt < +1.6% over PY> ( +1.3% over FY2005) [+10.6% over FY1990] 1.2 1.1 1990 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Preliminary) (Source) Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2
Trend of Final energy consumptions and Energy-Originated CO2 Emissions 1,400 35,000 Energy-originated CO2 emissions(mt-co2) 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1,143 1,148 1,167 1,153 1,193 1,198 1,198 1,203 1,218 1,208 1,224 1,185 1,173 1,138 1,113 1,123 1,059 1,075 15,702 15,428 15,814 15,975 15,784 16,006 15,872 16,043 15,996 15,968 15,790 14,720 14,973 14,393 14,529 13,889 14,349 14,227 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Final energy consumptions(10³tj) 0 0 1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 最終エネルギー消費量 Final energy consumptions 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 エネルギー起源 Energy Originated CO2 CO2 排出量 Emissions 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Source) General Energy Statistics (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy ) 3
Trend of CO2 Emissions Intensity in the Electricity Sector Table Trend of the capacity factor of nuclear power 2.3% 3.9% 59.7% 72.7% 73.8% 74.2% 75.4% 76.6% 80.2% 80.8% 81.3% 84.2% 80.1% 81.7% 80.5% 73.4% 68.9% 71.9% 60.7% 69.9% 60.0% 65.7% 23.7% 67.3% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Fiscal Year(FY)) (Source) The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan Table Trend of CO2 Emissions Intensity in the Electricity Sector 0.60 0.55 0.570 0.571 0.510 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.417 0.416 0.412 0.389 0.408 0.3820.366 0.386 0.404 0.373 0.376 0.376 0.354 0.433 0.423 0.418 0.453 0.444 0.413 0.410 0.412 0.30 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Unit kgco2/kwh ) (Fiscal Year(FY)) 4 (Source) Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, METI
Policy on Fossil Fuel Fired Power Plants To request the power sector to develop a sector-wide framework for CO 2 emissions reduction To check the following points in environmental impact assessment: 1. Adoption of Best Available Technologies (BATs) The national government has released a list of BATs. 2. Consistency with national target and plans: To take actions under the sector-wide framework or plans, including mitigation in abroad to offset the net increase emission over a natural gas power plant To accelerate technology development of CCS and conduct survey on potential CO 2 storage sites for commercialization of CCS by around 2020 To consider introduction of CCS at coal-fired power plants by 2030 and identify requirements for CCS Ready 5
~Toward Zero Carbon Emission Thermal Power Plants~ Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) Objective: To lay groundwork for introducing CCS at coal-fired power plants; To take into consideration Japan-specific factors in introducing CCS Projects under the MOEJ Initiative 1. Investigation of potential CO 2 storage site (A joint project with Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) 2. Feasibility Study for the Introduction of Sustainable CCS Technology 3. Demonstration of carbon dioxide capture facility equipped to a waste incineration plant (proposed) 6
Geological Structures Suitable for CO 2 Storage Cap rock layer (mudstone) Reservoir layer (sandstone etc.) 7
1.Investigation of potential CO 2 storage site (A joint project by MOEJ and METI) To identify potential CO 2 storage sites in waters surrounding Japan, as well as considering deep sea areas To conduct two or three-dimensional seismic surveys and boring surveys for identifying the extent and structure of the reservoir and the cap rock In FY2014, Japan CCS Co., Ltd. was commissioned to conduct the investigation project and is currently conducting the survey and analysis of existing data. Image of 2D seismic survey for potential site Observation ship Observation ship Air gun (source) About 4,000m Streamer Cable (receiver) Reflection Sea Water Tail buoy Sedimentary Layer Reflection Seabed Streamer Cable Basement Rock 8
2.Feasibility Study for the introduction of Sustainable CCS technology Coal fired power plant CO2 Capture plant Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO 2 Capture Process CO2 shuttle ship Offshore area (deep water) Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System Flexible riser pipe Task 3. Social and Economic Groundwork for CCS Introduction Impermeable layer Injection well Task 4. Preparation for Demonstration Projects Saline aquifer 9
Institutional Arrangement of the Project contract Consortium Project leader Dr. Makoto Akai (AIST) Advisory committee for introducing sustainable CCS Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc. (organizer) Toshiba Corporation National Institute of Advanced Industrial science and Technology Chiyoda Corporation Report Advice Subcommittee for environmental impact of CO2 separation and capture absorbent JGC Corporation Quintessa Japan Quintessa Quintessa Japan Subcommittee for shuttle ship transportation and injection technologies 10
Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO 2 Capture Process Background: CO 2 absorbents (amine solvents) may affect the environment when released to the atmosphere. Nitrosamine, which is one of the amine derivatives, may have risks to human health. The project aims to Study: the impact of emissions from amine solutions on the environment; flue gas composition; and emission reduction technologies Conduct risk assessment of the CO 2 capture process. Post Combustion CO 2 Capture Pilot Plant (Toshiba) 11
Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System Why we need offshore CO 2 storage? 1. Most of CO 2 emission sources exist along the coasts. 2. Offshore areas are less used compared to coastal waters. What are key benefits of shuttle ship transportation system? 1. Easy to match source and sink 2. Flexible to change transportation/storage plans sources sinks 12
Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System(cont d) Onshore facilities Power Plant CO₂ Separation & Capture CO₂ Compressing, Drying & Liquefaction CO 2 Loading CO 2 Shuttle Ship CO 2 Shuttle Ship Transportation & Onboard Injection System Buffer storage onshore only (avoidance of offshore tank storage) Direct Injection of CO 2 from ship (no offshore permanent platform required) ickup buoy Pickup rope Pickup wire Pickup float CO 2 Carrier Coupler (Connector) Bend stiffener Flexible riser pipe + Umbilical cable Pipe protector Anchor Satellite Communication buoy Mooring wire Bend restrictor Signal & Battery charging wire Christmas tree 13
Task 3. Social and Economic Groundwork for CCS Introduction Economic analysis of CCS Lifecycle CO 2 assessment Considering policies and measures Analysis of side effects of CCS Awareness raising of CCS for public acceptance Exploration of overseas deployment potential Effective Introduction of CCS Technology Development Policies and Measures Public Consensus 14
Task 4. Preparation for Demonstration Projects Review of demonstration sites Study of monitoring methods for deep water sea area Design of integrated CCS demonstration projects Optimizing a continuous monitoring system to detect CO2 leakage Simulation of CO2 leakage and dispersion into water Study of basic properties of CO2 hydrate barrier layer under seafloor Study of monitoring methods 15
Objectives of the Symposium To promote understanding of CCS by sharing current policies and activities of CCS in the world. (Keynote address) To share problems on effective introduction of CCS and explore measures to solve them. (Session I: Arrangement for effective introduction of CCS) To share status of public understanding of CCS domestic and overseas and explore method of knowledge sharing and communication design, considering CCS specific characteristics. (Session II: Public understanding of CCS) To introduce on going activities of the CCS project commissioned by MOEJ. (Poster Session) 16
Summary CO 2 emissions in Japan are increasing after the nuclear power plant accident. Reduction of CO 2 emissions from coal-fired power plants is critical to climate change mitigation. The Japanese Government is responsible for: Accelerating CCS technology development; Conducting survey on potential CO 2 storage sites for commercialization of CCS by around 2020; and Considering introduction of CCS at coal-fired power plants by 2030 and identifying requirements for CCS Ready MOEJ is implementing projects regarding: Investigation of potential CO 2 storage site Feasibility Study for the Introduction of Sustainable CCS Technology 17