Alternatives to HFCs CSE Media Briefing on Climate Change Markus Wypior GIZ Proklima 6 th November 2015, New Delhi
Introduction Ice Harvesting in Massachusetts, early 1850 s CCl 2 F 2 In the late 1920 s CFC replaces ammonia (NH 3 ), chloromethane (CH 3 Cl) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) as a refrigerant 1922 Frigidaire "iceless" refrigerator newspaper ad.
Some Facts and Figures HVAC market size: approx. 100 bn USD HVAC sector accounts for roughly 40% of commercial building energy consumption worldwide China manufactures approx. 100 mn split air-conditioning units per year (growing at about 14% p.a. over the last 5 years) Sales of air-conditioner in India approx. 3.4 mn units in 2014/15 (expected to grow by 8-10 % p.a.) US: AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 30% (100 mn units) India: AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 3% ( 40 mn units)
ODP & GWP of selected refrigerants Substance ODP GWP Refrigeration CFC-12 1 10,900 HFC-134a 0 1,430 HC 600a (Isobutane) 0 3 HCFC-22 0.055 1,810 Air-conditioning MAC HFC-32 0 675 HFC 410A 0 2,100 HC-290 (Propane) 0 3 R-744 (CO 2 ) 0 1 R-1234yf (HFO) 0 3
Development of the Ozone Hole 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source : http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov no data available for 1995
Achievements of the Montreal Protocol Levels of ODS in the Stratosphere: Source : MLFS
ODS emission reductions by the MP Ozone Depleting Potential of F-Gases (ODP) Maximum Projected F-Gas Emissions (Scenario without Montreal Protocol) Minimum Abated Emissions Actual F-Gas Emissions Source: 1987: Montreal Protocol 2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out
GWP-weighted emission reductions by the MP Global Warming Potential of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Total CO2 Emissions Maximum Minimum Projected Emissions from ODS (Scenario without Montreal Protocol) Abated Emissions M agnitude of Kyoto Protocol Reduction Target (2012) Actual ODS Emissions Source: 1987: Montreal Protocol 2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out
Worldwide HFC-emissions projection till 2050 40 35 Gt CO 2eq 2 30 25 20 15 10 total CO 2 emissions target in order to achieve 450 ppm atmospheric concentration levels (IPCC 3rd Assessment Report) 2010: 1,3% of total CO 2 eq emissions 2050: 43,5% of total CO 2 eq emissions 5 0 HFC-emissions 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Ozone Layer/Climate Protection in RAC and Foam Sectors Controlled Substances Ozone Layer Protection Lang-term Alternatives Funding Sector CFCs (MP) Indirect Emission ns Direct HCFCs (MP) HFCs (KP) CO 2 (KP) Cost efficient conversions to substances in kind) Only ~20% of all projects will avoid 2nd conversions Natural Gases Energy efficiency Montreal UNFCCC /Kyoto Non - Market Production (MP & KP) Market based CDM Climate Change End-user (only KP)
So what can we do?
Types of refrigerants synthetic Refrigerants natural Fluorinated Non-fluorinated Carbon CFC HCFC PFC HFE HFC Ethers Hydrocarbon Ammonia dioxide saturated HCFC unsaturated HCFC saturated HFC unsaturated HFC saturated HC unsaturated HC R11 R12 R13 R113 R114 R115 R22 R123 R124 R142b R1233zd R1233xf R318 R218 RE245cb R161 R32 R125 R134a R143a R152a blends R1234yf R1234ze R1243zf RE170 R170 R290 R600 R600a R601 R601a R1270 R1150 R744 R717 Medium to low GWP alternatives
Overall global warming implications GWP (kgco2eq/kg) 8000 6000 4000 2000 HCFC-22 HFC-32 HFC-134a HFC-152a Important to consider shorter-term term warming impact of refrigerants (as well as 100-year GWP) Source: Data from IPCC AR4 0 HC-290, HC- HC-290 1270, R744, R717, HFC- 1234yf, HFC-1234ze 1 10 100 Time horizon (y)
Critical to be wise to the IPR implications 250 R-32 R-290 R-410A HFO-1234ze and yf HFO-1234ze or yf with R32 mixtures 14 19 17 200 14 19 17 36 150 29 54 100 46 160 50 98 140 Number of Records* records 4 7 24 73 64 patents active patents applications active applications 100 80 60 40 20 0 Total Records 44 7 8 25 0 120 13 11 15 24 R-32 R-290 HFOs R-410A HFOs-R32 977 170 198 179 25
Greenfreeze case study
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/global/international/planet-2/report/2006/3/greenfreeze-from-snowball-to.pdf
Global dissemination of Greenfreeze https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/klimawandel/klimaschutz/der-greenfreeze-geschichte-eines-siegeszugs-0
We did it 20 years ago. Can we do it again?
06.11.201 5 Demo Projects in China and India Target Group: Air-conditioner manufacturer, industry associations technical institutes; technical committees of international environmental agreements Production capacity: approx. 100,000 units p.a. in China Production capacity: approx. 180,000 units p.a. in India Project elements: (1) Optimization of technical design (2) Installation of new production equipment (3) Pilot production (4) Training of service technicians
HC-290: Safety Considerations Lower explosion limit (LEL): 2.1% approx. 39 g/m³ Upper explosion limit (UEL): 9.5% approx. 177 g/m³ Minimum ignition temperature: 470 degr. C Safety Classification: A3 Human occupied space (Max charge) - EN 378 : 1.5 kg Min room area - EN 378: 57 m 2 /kg of HC-290
Safety with flammability: Safety standards In summary, standards and other guidelines in general prescribe Handling only by trained / competent technicians A limited refrigerant charge (release should not result in flammable concentrations ) refrig. cabinets and AC: 150 g anywhere, 1 2.5 kg fn room size Avoid potential sources of ignition associated with appliance Piping and components to minimise leakage Provision of manuals Certain safety devices may need to be applied Proper marking to systems (technicians awareness)
Safety with flammability: Charge size reduction All else equal, risk is proportional to mass of refrigerant Strong driver for charge reduction Low density already implies 40-50% reduction over HCFCs & HFCs R&D on compressor, evap and esp. condenser offers major benefits For AC: <70 g/kw For chillers: <100 g/kw For freezers: <200 g/kw Specific charge (g/kw) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 44 des3 35 27 11 34 74 27 des4 21 15 34 orig 30 27 24 21 15 11 31 30 25 24 19 19 14 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Condenser capacity (kw) des1 des6 des5
To date > 100,000 units sold in the market. 06.11.201 5
06.11.201 5
06.11.201 5 India Project 1.0 Ton unit Refrigerant HC-290 Refrigerant charge ca. 300 g Capacity 3375 W Power Input 912 W EER 3.7 1.5 Ton unit Refrigerant HC-290 Refrigerant charge Ca. 360 g Capacity 4900 W Power Input 1325 W EER 3.7
China Project 06.11.201 5
China Project 06.11.201 5
Final Remarks China HPMP includes conversion of 18 out of 32 production lines to HC-290 till 2015 (will lead to the introduction of millions of HC-290 ACs in the market) So far > 100,000 HC-290 split ACs introduced in India Service history, feedback, quality database and safety analysis implies high success General, use of HCs Impose new responsibilities on manufacturers for safe production practices Requires additions and changes to the existing production processes Products must be designed for safety, capacity and efficiency Infrastructure must be established to ensure safe environment Re-training of technicians must be concurrent with development processes Flammability risk is extremely low; >10,000 times below background fire risk Risk to S&M technicians also miniscule Compared to competing products, HC-290 has lower TEWI, low- to medium cost (per kw) and higher efficiency Activities are ongoing to expand the range of products Developments include designs for greater integrated safety to further reduce the flammability risk
Thank you for your attention Markus.Wypior@giz.de