Setting Up a Nuclear Programme: International Support Anne Starz Nuclear Energy Department a.starz@iaea.org International Atomic Energy Agency
Contents Rising Expectations Infrastructure Approach Assistance to Newcomers Emerging Issues
Rising Expectations Current: 370 GWe in operation in 30 countries 51 countries considering or planning a first nuclear power plant 2007 Projections by 2030 (RDS-1) : High: 691 GWe in operation, 20 new countries Low: 447 GWe in operation, 5 new countries Number of Countries 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 Construction Starts on First NPPs 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 Year 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Rising Expectations Operating Considering
Evolution of high projection 700 600 GW(e) 500 400 300 200 history 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 100 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Evolution of low projection 700 600 GW(e) 500 400 300 200 history 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 100 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Nuclear Newcomer profile Vary significantly: Research reactors Regulatory function Nuclear engineering programmes Industrial, technological infrastructure Grid sizes and interconnectedness Access to resources
Steps to Nuclear Power Site Selection Regulatory Framework Energy Planning National Infrastructure Building INPRO (technology assessment) Human Resource Development Legal Framework
Infrastructure Approach Comprehensive Phased Practical Infrastructure includes many components from industrial infrastructure such as manufacturing facilities, to the legal and regulatory framework, to the institutional measures to ensure safety and security, to the necessary human and financial resources. M. ElBaradei, Director General
What was the problem we were trying to solve? Endless planning Inviting bids with no response Building a plant but never operating it Focusing on specific issues but missing the big picture
Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power (NG-G-3.1) Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy MILESTONE 1 Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme MILESTONE 2 Ready to invite bids for the first NPP MILESTONE 3 Ready to commission and operate the first NPP Infrastructure development program PHASE 3 Activities to implement a first NPP PHASE 2 Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken Preparing PHASE for 1 assuming Considerations commitments before & a decision obligations to launch a nuclear power programme is taken Maintenance and continuous infrastructure improvement 1 st. NPP Project Pre project Project decision making Construction Operation / decommissioning Feasibility study Bidding process Commissioning 10 15 years INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power (NG-G-3.1) National position Nuclear safety Management Funding and financing Legislative framework Safeguards Regulatory framework Radiation protection Electrical grid Human resources development Stakeholder involvement Site and supporting facilities Environmental protection Emergency planning Security and physical protection Nuclear fuel cycle Radioactive waste Industrial involvement Procurement
NEPIO Example Structure Government Ministry NEPIO Director Energy Policy and Planning --Grid Issues --Funding --Financing --Localization Human Resources --Acquisition --Development --Replacement Legal/Regulatory Framework --Laws --Regulatory Body --Int l Agreements --Environment --Safeguards --Security and Physical Protection --Emergency Planning Nuclear Technology --Safety --Fuel cycle --LLW/HLW --Siting Stakeholder Involvement --Public Surveys --Public Education --Public Consultation
NEPIO Competencies Picking the right director essential Trust and confidence of gov t, industry and public Not necessarily nuclear expert or scientist, but should be familiar with nuclear Leadership positions filled with local nationals, especially for stakeholder involvement Knowledge and understanding of culture, processes Use of consultants and contractors encouraged
Comprehensive Infrastructure Evaluation Condition Status How do you 1.1 Safety, know security and non-proliferation when needs you Minor are Actions Needed ready? National Position National Position recognized 1.2 Conditions NEPIO established and staffed Criteria No Actions Needed Safety, security Nuclear Safety and nonproliferation needs recognized Condition 1.1 Safety, security and non-proliferation needs recognized Ref. Number 1. 2. 3. 2.1 Understanding of to a key Senior elements Government of nuclear Minister safety 2.2 Need of intergovernmental instruments on safety Status Minor Actions Needed No Actions Needed 2.3 Support through international co-operation Significant Actions Needed Management 1.2 NEPIO established and staffed Ref. Number 4. 5. 6. 7. Observations Condition Funding and Financing Issue: National Position / Milestone 1 1. A document clearly demonstrating the Governments commitment to the safe, secure and peaceful implementation of nuclear energy for the long term. 1. The charter showing that the NEPIO has been established by and reports 2. The basis of the charter is known by other Government ministries and key members of NEPIO 3. The NEPIO charter clearly charges and authorizes the preparation of a comprehensive report to identify the commitments and conditions necessary to establish a national nuclear power programme. It defines an adequate scope of investigations and clear definition of objectives and timescales. It should identify how its mandate and activities fit with overall plan for implementing nuclear power option 4. A clear description of how NEPIO operates in terms of funding, office NEPIO established accommodation and equipment, reference material and staffed 5. Evidence showing adequate interactions between and support from 3.1 Energy strategy appropriate and nuclear ministers power such as those responsible for Energy, Minor Actions Needed compatibility analysed Environment, etc 3.2 Unique Member 6. A State documented conditions budget evaluated planning and reporting process showing No Actions Needed Observations appropriate funding is provided to and expended by NEPIO to Agreed fulfil its Action 3.3 Available nuclear charter technologies in the scheduled identified time No actions needed 7. Organisation chart; job descriptions and CVs of members demonstrating 3.4 Ownership options and operational appropriate skills, qualifications and experience to address Significant all the Actions Needed responsibilities considered infrastructure issues based on requirements in -TECDOC 1513 [3]. This includes appropriate use of consultants and the demonstration of national staff as intelligent customer Photo Credits: United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 4.1 Adequate funding provided for NEPIO to fully assess the commitments required to implement a nuclear programme 4.2 Strategies established for funding and financing Status 8. Comprehensive report produced by NEPIO covering all areas identified in [1] and recognising the resources and timescales required for the Condition activities required for Phase 2. A demonstration that the Member State can provide the overall resources required integrated across all areas. Agreed Action Status 9. Executive summary of comprehensive report is based on detailed report, contains estimates of total resources and timescales and has been properly reviewed by senior government officials Significant Actions Needed No Actions Needed Responsible Person Responsible Person Due Date Due Date
What are newcomers top 3 issues? Do I have the people? Can I find the money? Will I have public/government support for the entire life of the project? What about the waste? Will someone sell me a suitable reactor? And can I get fuel and spare parts? Is this going to create local jobs?
Human Resources How did they manage? 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Reactors under construction 1950 1955 1960 1965 2005 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year 250 200 150 100 50 0 Design net capacity Number of reactors Design Net Capacity [GW] Number of reactors under construction
Human Resources Korean Case Sources year 1955 1964 Government ICA others The total send retur n send retur n send return send retur n 127 78 81 61 10 9 17 2 234 150 1965 - - 13 6 - - 3 1 16 7 1966 2 3 5 2 - - 6 2 13 7 1967 - - 10 11 - - 5 2 15 13 1968 - - 17 17 - - 4 4 21 21 1969 - - 10 4 - - 1 2 11 6 The total 129 81 135 101 10 9 36 13 310 204 send retur n Geological Distribution of People Studying in Abroad in 1969 Bilateral assistance Some of these returned after commissioning 1 st NPP
INPRO -- Common User Considerations 54 developing countries questionnaire 7 countries interviewed What do they want? 54 countries addressed by the project have 2 attributes they are developing countries and are interested in potential use of nuclear energy systems
INPRO -- Common User Considerations Developing Countries want: Opportunity to improve national capability Proven technology Transfer of operating experience from technology-holder countries Same level of safety, security and proliferation resistance as in Technology-Holder countries Support for financing, risk allocation Less uncertainty in cost data Help from vendor countries regulators, support organizations Sustained operation (availability of fuel, parts, service, know-how) Spent fuel cooperation and take-back option
Assistance to Newcomers TC Projects 12 in 2007-2008 More than 25 expected in 2009-2011 Capacity building Mobilization of international experts Training Fellowships and Scientific Visits Review Missions Workshops Guidance and other documents
Areas of Assistance Evaluation of infrastructure status Feasibility study review Draft nuclear law review Regulatory framework and organization Site survey, site evaluation, site selection Human resources development planning Bid tendering and evaluation Technology assessment Owner/Operator s competence building Regulator s competence building Safeguards implementation
Missions Vietnam, Nigeria, Jordan, Egypt, Philippines Observations: Sustained government commitment essential More than one right answer Common issues with human resources, financing, infrastructure planning, time scales, management
Recent NE Guidance and other Documents Recent Publications: Considerations to Launch a Nuclear Power Programme, 2007 Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, NE Series Guide NG-G-3.1, 2007 Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project, TECDOC-1555, 2007 Basic Infrastructure for a Nuclear Power Project, TECDOC-1513, June 2006 Potential for Sharing Nuclear Power Infrastructure between Countries, TECDOC-1522 October 2006 Complete Bibliography Available Online: www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/ninfrastructure.asp
NE Guidance and Other Publications 2008: Evaluation methodology Responsibilities and Competencies of Implementing Organizations (NEPIO and Owner Operator) Improving Prospects for Financing Restarting Delayed NPPs Additional Plans: Workforce Planning to Initiate a Nuclear Programme Bid preparation (update) Siting issues Availability of Industrial Capacity Infrastructure Requirements for Transportable Reactors Alternative Contracting and Ownership (BOO/BOT, regional, leasing)
Approaches to Contracting and Ownership Build-Own-Operate/Build-Own-Operate- Transfer (BOO/BOT), regional, leasing BOO/BOT discussed for more than 20 years, but never used for nuclear Potential benefits: fills experience gap, assists with financing Potential drawbacks: liability too high, weakens national ownership, increases project complexity
Build-Own-Operate/Build-Own-Transfer Foreign Partners Local Partners Financial Institutions Vendor/Supplier Utility/Operator Special Purpose Vehicle Joint Venture Utility Government
Improving Prospects for Financing Allocate risks to the entity best able to manage it Political -- Public confidence, sustained commitment Legal international treaties, obligations, regulatory environment Technical proven technology, access to fuel, waste management Financial monetize environmental benefit
s Role in support for Newcomers What can do: Provide comprehensive, unbiased and impartial advice Provide guidance, conduct reviews, and support of capacity building Encourage transparency Help build confidence in a country s national programme What cannot do: Make and implement decisions
Emerging Questions Improving transparency infrastructure readiness rating? Should minimum infrastructure be a condition of TC? Of supply? In a suppliers market, will newcomers be last in line? What are the obligations of vendors/supplier countries? Will proven small reactor technologies be available? How can coordinate with bilateral and multilateral assistance to newcomers?
Summary Growth and expansion of nuclear power looks likely Careful planning leads to effective, safe, secure, transparent introduction of nuclear power can help
Thank you for your attention
Safety Guidance for Newcomers Safety a major element of many of the19 issues Most Safety Standards written for operators and regulators, not necessarily newcomers Two documents in development: INSAG Nuclear Safety Infrastructure for a National Nuclear Energy Programme Guide on Safety Infrastructure Safety review missions also being adapted for early phases