PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309)

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PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309) Topic 1: Introduction and Occurrence of Groundwater Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yunes Mogheir 2018 1

1. Introduction Definitions and General Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle Hydrologic budget 2

Definitions 3

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SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF GROUNDWATER Science framework of groundwater (GW) occurrence (hydrogeology). 5

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Groundwater V.S. Surface water The main differences between surface and groundwater are: 1. Surface and groundwater movement. Surface waters flow in a channel with a given cross section, while groundwater flow in soil and the pores between soil particles of various shapes. In general, groundwater moves significantly slower than surface waters. Flow is fully laminar in most of the groundwater (Reynolds number, Re 1). 2. Slow movement of contaminants. The pollutions can be prevented, but it is continuously polluted. If it gets polluted then, groundwater natural treatment is a difficult process. Occasionally, the only alternative process for treatment of groundwater is to discharge, treat, and recharge it back. 3. Filtration process considering groundwater flows through the soil layers, the biological contaminants will be treated through these natural layers. 4. Sampling and monitoring of groundwater is difficult which must be done by drilling and installing observation wells. 7

Utilization of Groundwater Groundwater is widely used for irrigation in countries with arid and semiarid climate. The total irrigated land by groundwater in the United States is 45%. In Asia and Africa, more than 60% of land mass is irrigated by groundwater. Libya s irrigated farming is primarily from low-quality groundwater resources, several kilometers deep. More than 95% of domestic, agriculture and industrial use in Palestine is from groundwater 8

Basic principles of planning and management in groundwater 9

1.5 Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle 10

1.5 Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle 11

Hydrologic System 12

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Global Hydrologic System 14

1.6 Hydrologic budget 15

Hydrologic budget 16

Hydrologic budget 17

Hydrologic budget Recharge Groundwater System Discharge Predevelopment water budget diagram Pumpage Increase in Recharge Removed of water stored in the system Decrease in discharge Water budget diagram showing changes inflow for a groundwater being pumped 18

2. Occurrence of Groundwater Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater Vertical Distribution of Groundwater Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation Geological Formation as Aquifers Types of Aquifers Storage Coefficient 21

2.1 Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater 22

Porosity 23

Porosity 24

Porosity 25

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Soil Classification 28

Soil Classification 29

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Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 32

Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 33

Zone of Aeration 1. Soil-water zone 34

Zone of Aeration 2. Intermediate Vados zone 35

3. Capillary zone 36

3. Capillary zone 37

Zone of Saturation 1. Specific Retention 38

2. Specific Yeild 39

2. Specific Yield 40

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2.6 Geological Formation as Aquifers 42

Geological Formation as Aquifers 43

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2.7 Types of Aquifers 45

Unconfined Aquifer 46

Confined Aquifers 47

Leaky Aquifers 48

2.8 Storage Coefficient 49

Storage Coefficient 50

Gaza Aquifer Geological cross section number 94 Geological cross section number 95 51

End of Topic 1 52