Cellulosic Biomass Systems Tom Richard Penn State University Mark Laser Dartmouth College
Comparative production costs U S $ / lit e r $0.60 $0.50 $0.40 $0.30 $0.20 $0.10 $0.00 Brazil- Cane US-Corn Ger- Wheat Eur- Wheat Ger-Beets Eur-Beets Cellulosea Celluloseb Cellulosec Source: Compiled by Brewer from data in IEA, 2004
Integrated Biorefineries Protein Biomass Feedstock Feedstock Handling Pretreatment Convert Carbohydrate Biological Conversion Power LDV & HDV Fuels Power/TCF Production Product Recovery Waste Treatment LDV Fuels Organic Chemicals Integration of bioconversion and thermochemical platforms Lignin-Rich Residue (More energy dense than original feedstock) Lynd et al., 2007
NREL 2002 Model w/ Hierarchies PRETREATMENT &CONDITIONING SACCHARIFICATION& CO-FERMENTATION CORN STOVER FEED HANDLING ENZYME PRODUCTION BURNER/BOILER TURBOGENERATOR PRODUCT PURIFICATION WATER TREATMENT UTILITIES STORAGE ETHANOL
Changes from 2002 NREL Design 1 (change to switchgrass) Corn Stover 2 (change to AFEX) 3 (change to CBP) Cellulase 4 (change to IHOSR distillation) Ethanol Pretreatment (Dilute Acid) Separate Hydrolysis & Fermentation (SHF) Stage 1 Distillation Stage 2 Distillation Recycled Water 5 eliminate Evaporation Solids Separation 6 (add AF digestor) Concentrated Syrup Lignin Residue Treated Water Biogas & Sludge Wastewater Treatment Power Generation Power for Process & Export 7 (Combustion -> gasification, TC fuels & powe
Energy Flows (Example Scenario) Feedstock 0.1% Feed Handling 0.2% NH 3 1% Pretreatment 3% 0.9% CBP 100% 100% 97% 96% 1.6% Distillation 5% Steam Steam 10% 10% 3% Ethanol 54% 2% Power Power 3.6% 3.7% 3.7% 1% Steam Turbine THERMOCHEMICAL HRSG 1% 17% Other Utilities 6% 2% 9% 21% Cooling/Heat Loss 4% Liquid 16% WWT 0.6% 0.3% Drier WWT Sludge 1% Solids 26% 27% 26% Residue Biogas 13% 0.1% Gasification 0.1% 22% POX Gas Cleanup 35% FT Synthesis 19% GT Power 1% FT Gasoline 6% FT Diesel 10% BIOLOGICAL Ag Inputs (Farming, feedstock transport) ~ 7 % Energy out/ag inputs in: 71/7 10
Internal Rate of Return (%) Process Economics Crude Oil Price ($/barrel oil) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 $13 $26 $31 $42 $57 $66 $72 $100 $120 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 Fuel Price ($/gallon gasoline equivalent) $0.05/kWh $0.20/lb protein 35/65 D/E 7.0% loan rate Ethanol-Rankine Ethanol-GTCC Ethanol-FT-GTCC Ethanol-FT (1X)-CH4 Ethanol-FT (recycle)-ch4 Ethanol-H2 Ethanol-Protein-Rankine Ethanol-Protein-GTCC Ethanol-Protein-FT FT-GTCC DME-GTCC H2-GTCC Rankine GTCC Scale: 5,000 dry short tons/day = 4,535 metric tons/day
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Processing Efficiencies *Defined as energy out/(feedstock + external processing energy); % feedstock LHV basis Processing Efficiency (%)* EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (w/recycle)/ch4 61 68 71 77 Max Fuels 80 77 61 Current technology (dilute acid pretreatment; SSCF) 36 47% 69 73 61 58 55 64 70 73 87 49 45 33 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT EtOH/SA/Rankine FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2/GTCC Rankine GTCC Corn EtOH Oil Refining (fuels) Oil Refining (fuels + chems) Oil Refining (total)
1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Comparative GHG Displacement Bioethanol (max fuels) and TC Coproducts Bioethanol and TC Coproducts TC fuels and Power Dedicated Power GHG Displacement (kg/dry ton) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2 Rankine GTCC Current US Power Mix A Future US Power Mix
17.5 15.5 13.5 11.5 9.5 7.5 5.5 3.5 1.5-0.5 Comparative Oil Displacement Bioethanol (max fuels) and TC Coproducts Bioethanol and TC Coproducts TC fuels and Power Dedicated Power Oil Displacement (GJ/dry ton) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2 Rankine GTCC Current US Power Mix A Future US Power Mix
Comparative Oil Use and GHG Emissions 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% -80% -90% -100% CO 2 emissions (gasoline base case = 586 g/mile) Petroleum use (gasoline base case = 6.94 MJ/mile) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2/GTCC EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2/GTCC Percent Change From Base Case Scenarios involving bioprocessing: > 90% reduction relative to status quo
Economic Drivers: Biological Processing of Lignocellulose Fermentable Carbohydrate Cost ($/kg) $0.30 $0.25 $0.20 $0.15 $0.10 $0.05 $0.00 $0.152 Corn (dry mill) $0.168 Current Enzyme Operating (non-enzyme) Capital (non-enzyme) Feedstock $0.083 Mature Cellulosic Biomass Laser and Lynd, 2007
Net energy and net greenhouse gases for gasoline, six studies, and three cases A. E. Farrell et al., Science 311, 506-508 (2006)
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