Resistance Why should I care? Oliver T. Neher oneher@amalsugar.com 208-320-0836
Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org W. Billen, Pflanzenbeschaustelle, Weil am Rhein, Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
Insecticide Resistance Western flower thrips Affects many crops Transmits important virus species (e.g.tswv) KNOWN RESISTANCE Carbamates (1A) Organophosphates (1B) Cyclodiene organochlorines (2A) Phenylpyrazoles (2B) Pyrethroids (3A) Neonicotinoids (4A) Spinosyns (5) Avermectins- Milbemycins (6)
Fungicide Resistance Cercospora beticola (Cercospora leaf spot) Affects sugar beet leaves KNOWN RESISTANCE Methyl benzimidazole carbamates (1) QoI fungicides (11) Organo tin compounds (30) DMI fungicides
Herbicide Resistance Kochia scoparia (Kochia) KNOWN RESISTANCE EPSP synthase inhibitors Photosystem II inhibitors Synthetic Auxins ALS inhibitors
Herbicide Resistant Species over Time
Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) Causes life-threatening diarrhea 250,000 infections/year 14,000 deaths/year $ 1,000,000,000 in excess medical costs/year
Resistance Why should I care?
Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product $$ Funding $$ Research Development Registration Time
Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product 1995 Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry 32 Biology 30 Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry 10 Total 72 Development Chemistry 18 Field Trials 18 Toxicology 18 Environ. Chemistry 13 Total 67 Registration 13 Total 152 P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019. A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016
Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product 1995 2005-08 Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry 32 42 Biology 30 32 Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry 10 11 Total 72 85 Development Chemistry 18 36 Field Trials 18 54 Toxicology 18 32 Environ. Chemistry 13 24 Total 67 146 Registration 13 25 Total 152 256 P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019. A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016
Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product 1995 2005-08 2010-14 Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry 32 42 49 Biology 30 32 51 Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry 10 11 7 Total 72 85 107 Development Chemistry 18 36 35 Field Trials 18 54 47 Toxicology 18 32 29 Environ. Chemistry 13 24 35 Total 67 146 146 Registration 13 25 33 Total 152 256 286 P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019. A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016
Crop Protection Product Discovery and Development Lead Time Number of years between the first synthesis and the first sale of the product 1995 2000 2005-8 2010-14 8.3 9.1 9.8 11.3 The observed increase could be related to greater complexity in data requirements for the registration process and to the process itself P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019. A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016
Number of Products Processed leading to a Successful Product Launch 1995 2000 2005-8 2010-14 Research 52,500 139,429 140,000 159,574 Development 4 2 1.3 1.5 Registration 1 1 1 1 Rate of developing resistance is potentially higher than the development of new products P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019. A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016
How to prevent resistance? 1. Understand how resistance develops 2. Resistance management 3. Learn from past mistakes
Resistance Development is most likely linked to genetic mutation Mutation can be single or multi gene Single gene mutations to site specific pesticides are more likely to occur
Susceptible weed Resistant weed Modified source: J.L. Gunsolus
Risk of resistance Pesticide - Mode of action Single target site vs. multiple target sites Secondary modes of action (e.g. burn down..) Tank mixes increased risk reduced risk
Pathogens / Pests Risk of resistance Monocyclic / polycyclic one or many populations per season Ability to produce resistant mutants/offsprings with fitness (able to survive and reproduce) Genetic recombination - exchange of genetic material, influx of out-of-area strains increased risk reduced risk
Resistance management Basis of good management practices Detection Chemical Diversity Good Stewardship
Resistance management Detection and monitoring Observing escapes Weed patches occur year after year and are spreading Different weed species are managed but one survives Pests survive applications Observing loss of efficacy Source: BayerCropSciences
Resistance management Detection and monitoring Assessing loss of efficacy between applications Collect resistant weed plants and/or seeds or Collect diseased plant parts with pathogen Contact your local extension specialist or consultant Bio-assays for herbicides Plate assay for fungicides
Assessing loss of efficacy Herbicide dose response Resistant kochia plants after 28 days being sprayed with 12 different doses of dicamba (lb/ac) http://cropwatch.unl.edu/dicamba-resistant-kochia-confirmed-nebraska
Resistance management Chemical diversity Mode of action Trade names and chemistries might be different but target site might be in common Source: BayerCropSciences
Resistance management Common name Trade name Chemical class Mode of action Trifloxistrobin Gem 500 Oximino-acetates QoI-fungicide (Quinone outside Pyraclostrobin Headline SC Methoxy-carbamates inhibitor) Source: BayerCropSciences
Resistance management Chemical diversity Frac code
Frac code Be careful with pesticides consisting of two or more compounds Different chemical, same mode of action
Resistance management Chemical diversity Frac Fungicide Resistance Action Committee IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee HRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
Resistance management Chemical diversity Consider crop rotation Many crops have chemicals that act on the same MoA ( Headline) Herbicide resistant crops increase the use of a single MoA Use of single MoA increases chance of resistant weeds
Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Avoid applying a chemical as standalone product Always include either tank mixes or part of a pesticide rotation
Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Companion compounds will reduce selection pressure and potentially take out resistant organisms
Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Older, multi-side compounds with low risk for resistance Unrelated single-side compounds Pre-packed mixtures Reduces the risk for resistance Broader control spectrum Enhanced duration of protection
Resistance management Good stewardship Apply only when strictly necessary Restrict number of at risk treatments per season Replace chemicals with cultural practices / sanitation Avoid unnecessary or cosmetic applications Use soil applied, pre-plant/pre-emergence herbicides Use protective fungicides (multi-side) Avoid eradicative use
Resistance management Good stewardship Maintain recommended dose Reduced doses can enhance the development of resistance ~ 10 % 1x FRAC 3 (Triazole includes Headline) ~30 % 0.5x 0.25x Leaf blotch of wheat (Septoria tritici) 1x, 0.5x, 0.25x of Epoxiconazole
Resistance management Good stewardship Application timing Apply pesticides at the right developmental stage of the pest
Resistance management Good stewardship Application timing Scouting & monitoring
Resistance management Good stewardship Coverage & spray volume Use sufficient carrier to guarantee good coverage Excellent coverage for contact or protective pesticides is a MUST Systemic products are more forgiving Calibrate equipment
Thank you.. October 1951, application of sulfur