Task Force Emission Inventories and Projections
TOPICS Benzene WHO guidelines and standards Concentrations trend in Europe and Canada Emission factors review Case studies results Conclusion
World Health Organization (WHO) benzene guidelines No specific guideline value has been developed for air concentrations Benzene is carcinogenic to humans, and no safe level of exposure can be recommended For general guidance, the concentrations of airborne benzene associated with an excess lifetime risk of leukaemia of 10 4, 10 5 and 10 6 are 17, 1.7 and 0.17 µg/m3, respectively WHO Air Quality Guidelines, 2000
Benzene AQ standards EU Legislation annual mean limit value 5 µg/m 3 DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (OJ European Union L 152/17) Japan annual mean limit value 3 µg/m 3 Notification on February 4th,1997 US Reference Concentration (RfC) 3 µg/m 3 RfC is an inhalation exposure concentration at or below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur
EU Benzene concentrations European Environmental Agency, 2012
Canada Benzene AQ concentrations Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2012
Road transport EFs Benzene emissions (E C6H6 ) are estimated, in terms of % Benzene of Total HC Exhaust Emissions (E HC ), by the equations: Non-catalyst cars E C6H6 =(1.515+0.765 F C6H6 +0.0414 F NBA ) E HC Catalyst cars E C6H6 =(1.237+0.599 F C6H6 +0.0602 F NBA ) E HC where F C6H6 benzene and F NBA Non Benzene Aromatics % contents (m/m) in gasoline CONCAWE, The influence of gasoline benzene and aromatics content on benzene exhaust emissions from noncatalyst and catalyst equipped cars: a study of european data, January 1996
Combustion Emission Factors Biomass Source: United States, Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Factors Forest fires 480 kg/mg biomass Sources: IPCC guideline
Emission Factors Other road transport Benzene emissions (E C6H6 ) are estimated, in terms of % Benzene of Total HC Exhaust Emissions (E HC ), by the equations: Sources: Copert Diesel vehicle PC & LDV E C6H6 = 1.98 E HC HDV E C6H6 = 0.07 E HC LPG vehicle E C6H6 = 0.63 E HC
Emission Factors Other transport Benzene emissions (E C6H6 ) are estimated, in terms of % Benzene of Total HC Exhaust Emissions (E HC ), by the equations: Diesel vehicle E C6H6 = 0.0106 E HC Aviation C6H6= 19.4 E HC Sources: US EPA & others
Combustion Emission Factors Fossil fuels other than biomass Source: United States, Environmental Protection Agency
Combustion Emission Factors Fossil fuels distribution Source: Techne Consulting elaboration on Concawe data
Emission Factors Production processes Sources: US EPA & others
Emission Factors Waste Management Sources: US EPA & others
Benzene case study 2010 (Italy region) Source: Techne Consulting, Italy
Canada Benzene EI Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2012
Renewables growth Heating and cooling projections by 2020 Source: Commission of the European Communities Renewable Energy Road Map,, 10.1.2007
Conclusion Benzene is carcinogenic to humans, and no safe level of exposure can be recommended EU legislation set limit to air concentrations No benzene EFs are included in TFEIP GB Combustion of wood has become the largest source of emission and is likely to grow in future years In the presentation a lot of EFs is reported that can be a starting point for GB update