General Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide Spring 2017 Ginny L. Please bring various colored writing utensils! Fair warning, I am not a TA or teacher and I have not seen your final exam, this is to cover the wide topics that will be on your final. There is much information on the test that will not be covered here. There might be errors because I am just a student, and please go off what Dr. White says in class, the PowerPoints, and the textbook. Because this is not covering everything just an overview so please go back through the information. Old Material to Review!!!! We can cover these topics if there is time at the end of this session or in SI Monday. Also, there will not be time for it but please review the host microbe interactions section as well, it will be heavy tested on. Virulence factors: name them and explain what they do, how do you calculate how virulent something is Cell wall: differentiate between prokaryote and eukaryote, bacteria and archaea, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, know its make-up Cell energy: Where does it come from? Order of steps? Where is, it stored? What are these bonds? Endospores Monomers and their macromolecules: discuss bonds and functions too Redox reactions: no math, but understand the principle and the tower Cell membrane Final Review Guide Immunology and overlapping Host-Microbe Interactions Differentiate between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of a bacteriophage. -
What are the 2 factors involved in virulence? O O Two type of toxins? What are the differences? What defines the resistance of the host?
o Natural Resistance = Innate Immunity Cells: Mechanical Barriers: Chemical Factors: Microbial Factors: o Acquired = Adaptive Immunity Humoral Immunity: Cellular Immunity: What are your lymphocytes? Leukocytes? What is phagocytosis? Ways to contrast Innate and Adaptive Immunity?
What are the differences between natural and artificial passive immunity? Active Immunity Passive Immunity Is there exposure to antigen? How is specific response made?
How is the immune system activated? Is there memory? Can the immune response be maintained? How? When does immunity develop? What is an Angtigen? What is an Antibody? What is specificity? What is memory?
Anatomy of an Antibody What is Affinity? What is Avidity? IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD Major Properties When used? Where is it found?
Does it have a J chain? What produces Antibodies? What is a MHC? What are the 2 classes? Types of T cells? Function? What are cytokines? T-helper cells Type 1 vs Type 2 (What MHC does they use?) CD4 or CD8?
T-Cytotoxic Cells? (What MHC do they use?) CD4 or CD8? What are Natural Killer cells? What is a primary response? Secondary Response? In vivo vs In vitro?
Anti-microbial Agents What do they use? Examples? What does cidal mean? What does lysis mean? What does static mean? How do sulfa drugs work?
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION: What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? What does DNA use as a template? What are you doing going from in transcription? What are you going from in translation? What is the sense and the anti-sense strand? What is alternative splicing? Compare and Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic mrna and Processing Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 2 steps that must happen:
DNA Structure/characteristics Types of bonds: Bases: What is a tautomer? Which tautomer do we normally see? What stabilizes it? Hydrogen bonds stacking? What way do the strands go? 5 ->3 or 3 ->5? Is it anti-parallel or parallel?
Replication What is the big difference in prokaryotes or eukaryotic? What is the difference between semiconservative and conservative? What is DNA? What experiment showed us this? Explain it? What way does DNA replicate? What does DNA Polymerase do? Difference between DNA polymerase 3 and polymerase 1 What does Primase do? Why is this so important? How does DNA get around the problem of having 1 strand 5 ->3 and another strand 3 ->5? What does DNA Ligase do?
What does an exonuclease do? What are Okazaki fragments? What does Helicase do?? What does it need? What do single stranded binding proteins or SSB s do? What does RNA polymerase consist of? What does a promotor do? What is a codon?
What is the degeneracy of the genetic code What is trna s function? What must happen to the trna? Mutations
Viral Infections How they work? What is transformation? What is transduction? What is conjugation?