WIND POWER Presented By: M Rameez Ur Rahman Khawar ramzan Farooq usman zia Ateeq ahmad Zohaib Bs(EE) 5B
CONTENTS 1. What is Energy 2. Sources of Energy 3. Introduction to Wind Energy 4. History 5. Types of Wind Power 6. Types of Wind Turbines 7. Mechanism 8. Construction and Equipment 9. Working 10. Typical Wind Turbine Operation 11. Vertical and Horizontal Turbines 12. Advantages and Disadvantages 13. Power in Wind 14. Wind Energy A Need of Pakistan
ENERGY Physicists, who are scientists who study force, motion and energy, say that energy is the ability to do work, and work is moving something against a force, like gravity. There are a lot of different kinds of energy in the universe, and that energy can do different things.
MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY Sun Water Coal Wind Geo-Thermal Bio-Mass Tidal Nuclear
INTRODUCTION All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun The earth receives 1.74 x 10^17 watts of power (per hour) from the sun About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth)
INTRODUCTION CONTD To be considered a good location for wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour
HISTORY 1 A.D. Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ 400 A.D. Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels 1850 s Multi-blade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S. 1888: Charles Brush builds first largesize wind electricity generation turbine (17 m diameter wind rose configuration, 12 kw generator
BRIEF HISTORY MODERN ERA Key attributes of this period: Scale increase Commercialization Competitiveness Grid integration Catalyst for progress: OPEC Crisis (1970s) Economics Energy independence Environmental benefits Turbine Standardization: Turbine Standardization: 3-blade Upwind Horizontal- Axis on a monopole towe
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF WIND POWER The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the equation: w = 1/2 *r* A* v^3 w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the wind speed. This equation states that the power is equal to one-half, times the air density, times the rotor area, times the cube of the wind speed. Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather fronts.
INCREASINGLY SIGNIFICANT POWER SOURCE
TYPES OF WIND POWER The major types of wind power are: Utility-scale wind: wind turbines larger than 100 kilowatts are developed with electricity delivered to the power grid and distributed to the end user by electric utilities or power system operators Distributed or "small" wind: which uses turbines of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly power a home, farm or small business as it primary use Offshore wind: which are wind turbines erected in bodies of water around the world.
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES ACCORDING TO POWER Small ( 10 kw) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Intermediate (10-250 kw) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Large (250 kw - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power
WIND TURBINES WITH ONE BLADE Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind Gearbox ratio reduced Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design Higher speed means more noise,visual,and wildlife impacts Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembeled on ground Capture 10% less energy than two blad design Ultimately provide no cost saving
WIND TURBINES WITH TWO BLADES Advantages and disadvantages similar to one blade Gyroscopic forces imbalances Capture 5% less energy than three blade design
WIND TURBINES WITH THREE BLADES balance of gyroscopic forces Slower rotation Increase gearbox and transmission cost More aesthatic,less noise
MECHANISM When wind blows past a turbine, the blades capture the energy and rotate. This rotation triggers an internal shaft to spin, which is connected to a gearbox increasing the speed of rotation. The gearbox is connect to a generator that ultimately produces electricity
CONSTRUCTION Parts of a wind turbine: 1. Foundation 2. Tower 3. Nacelle 4. Rotor blade 5. Hub 6. Transformer (this is not a part of the Wind Turbine)
TOWER AND FOUNDATION In order to guarantee the stability of a wind turbine a pile or flat foundation is used, depending on the consistency of the underlying ground. The tower construction doesn t just carry the weight of the nacelle and the rotor blades, but must also absorb the huge static loads caused by the varying power of the wind.
ROTOR AND ROTOR BLADES The rotor is the component which, with the help of the rotor blades, converts the energy in the wind into rotating mechanical movement. Currently, the three-blade, horizontal axis rotor dominates. The rotor blades are mainly made of glassfiber or carbon-fiber. The blade profile is similar to that of an airplane wing. They use the same principle of aero-lift.
NACELLE The nacelle holds all the turbine machinery. Turbine machinery consists of gearbox, generator, drive train, coupling and brake assembly to the rotor. It rotates to follow the wind direction. It is connected to the tower via bearings.
GEARBOX The gearbox converts the rotor motion of 18-50 rpm into the approx. 1,500 rpm which the generator requires. The gearbox thus takes on the task of matching the rotation speeds of the slowmoving rotor and the fast-moving generator, and generally has several steps to cover for various wind conditions.
GENERATOR For high power wind turbines, doubly-fed asynchronous generators are most frequently used. The operating rotation speed can be varied somewhat, unlike when using conventional asynchronous generators.
COUPLING AND BRAKE Because of the enormous torque, the coupling between the main shaft and the transmission is a rigid one. The type of brake depends on the control mechanism for the blades.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT These are composed of the generator, the system for the grid in feed of the electricity, and various sensors. Sensors include: Temperature Sensor Wind Direction Sensor Wind Speed Sensor Fault Sensor in nacelle Control and Monitoring
OTHER COMPONENTS The wind turbine contains components for following the wind direction, for cooling, heating and lightning protection, as well as lifting gear (e.g. winches for spare parts) and fire extinguishing equipment.
WORKING OF TURBINES Wind Blade rotates Rotor rotates Generator shaft rotates Transmission lines 3 phase high voltage/low current Step-up transformer Produce electricity Grid station Distribution lines Step down transformer For home use
TYPICAL WIND TURBINE OPERATION 0-5 m/s : Wind Speed is too low for generation power. Turbine is not operational. Rotor is locked. 5-15 m/s : 5 m/s is the minimum operational speed. It is called Cut-in speed. In 10-25 mph wind generated power increases with the wind speed. 15-25 m/s : Typical wind turbines reach the rated power at wind speed of 15 m/s. >25 m/s : Turbine is shut down when speed is higher than 50 mph (called Cut-Out speed) to prevent structure failure
TYPES OF WIND TURBINE ACCORDING TO DESIGN
HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINES
WIND POWER ADVANTAGES Environmental Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations
ECONOMIC DDEVELOPMENT BENEFITS Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities Increased tax revenue Purchase of goods & services
FUEL DIVERSITY BENEFITS Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design
COST STABILITY BENEFITS Flat-rate pricing Wind electricity is inflation-proof
WIND DISADVANTAGES Siting Noise Intermittent source of power Transmission limitations Operational characteristics different from conventional fuel sources Financing Predicting the wind -- we re getting better
BIRDS:A SERIOUS OBSTACLE Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in danger Altamont Pass News Update from Sept 22-1995 shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
WIND ENERGY IN PAKISTAN Now-a-days Pakistan is suffering from a great downfall of energy that is causing a great loss in all walks of life. Now Pakistan need a permanent and reliable source of energy, i.e. THE WIND ENERGY There are many sites in Pakistan e.g (Cholistan,Thar,Seasides) that are compatible for installing the Wind Turbines. In future, if Pakistan work on this permanent source of energy, In Sha ALLAH, we will overcome this shortfall of energy.