SESSION 10 Operational Savings through Online THM Monitoring Rudy Mui Aqua Metrology Systems Prior to AMS, Mr. Mui was the COO and EVP, RAE Systems, a leading global supplier of chemical and radiation detection equipment. Mr. Mui was instrumental in growing RAE Systems from $30M to nearly $100M during his tenure. Previous employers include Metara Inc, Crossbow Technology, Lam Research, Photon Dynamics, and Watkins-Johnson Company where he held executive and senior management positions. Mr. Mui received his B.S. in Computer Engineering and B.A. in Economics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Mr. Mui also received an M.B.A. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California. Contact Information: Email: rudy@aquametrologysystems.com
Operational Savings Through On-Line THM Monitoring Real Life Examples Rudy Mui rudy@aquametrologysystems.com (408) 306-4558 Systems that Enable the Optimization of THM Control www.aquametrologysystems.com
Disinfection By-Product Formation DBPs Naturally-Occurring Organic Matter (NOM) e.g. - Humic Acids - Fulvic Acids Chlorine Based Compounds for Microbiological Disinfection e.g. - Chlorine - Hypochlorite - Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection By-Products* e.g. - Trihalomethanes - Haloacetic Acids - Bromate - Chlorite Disinfection By-Products* - Several thousand are known - More than 500 have been toxicologically reviewed - Several classes and compounds are regulated in drinking water: Trihalomethanes Haloacetic Acids 2
Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water chloroform bromodichloromethane dibromochloromethane bromoform 3
DBP Contamination: A Global Issue Country THM MCL (ppb or µg/l) HAA5 MCL (ppb or µg / L) Switzerland 25 Austria, Belgium, Italy, Ecuador 30 Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden 50 United States 80 60 UK, France, Ireland, Israel, Norway, Spain, Canada 100 Columbia, Brazil, Argentina, Japan 100 South Korea 100 design, operate United and Kingdom maintain the disinfection process 100 so as to keep disinfection by-products as low as possible without compromising the effectiveness of Australia the disinfection 250 4
Stage 1 Disinfection By Product Rule Source: EPA, 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule; Final Rule, p 411 5
Stage 2 Disinfection By Product Rule Source: EPA, 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule; Final Rule, p 411 6
Stage 2 DBPR Implications for THM Control 7
DBPs Mitigation Technologies DBP Mitigation Technologies Enhance Coagulation Filtration MIEX, GAC, Nano filtration Disinfectants Chloramines, Chlorine Dioxide, UV, and Ozone Storage Aeration, Tank mixing 8
US Cost of Compliance DBP Rule EPA (in 1992 $M) Inflation Adjusted (in 2011 $M) Stage I $1,064 $1,716 Stage II (Large Systems only) $1,820 $2,935 Stage II (All Systems) $2,631 $4,242 Source: Table 1, Congressional Budget Office Study, The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study Of an Unfunded Federal Mandate, September 1995 There are approximately 73,500 water treatment plants in the United States. The EPA estimates that over 48,000 water utilities are affected by disinfection by product changes, meaning an average investment of over $85k per plant. 9
Capital Costs for a Typical Utility Source: Technologies and Costs Document for the Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and Final Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, EPA, Dec 2005 10
Annual Operating Costs for a Typical Utility Source: Technologies and Costs Document for the Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and Final Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, EPA, Dec 2005 11
Standard Method for DBP Analysis Operator collects a water sample Physically delivers it to the lab A skilled technician prepares the sample The sample is analyzed on an expensive piece of lab equipment (GC-MS) Results are reported to the water treatment plant in 3-10 days Operator makes an educated adjustment to the treatment process Water utility puts the report in a binder 12
Operating a Plant Without a Monitor Is Like Driving a Car Without a Speedometer Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 13
AMS THM-100 Another Option First commercial in-line instrument for TTHM and CHCl 3 monitoring Installed at multiple water utilities with excellent correlation to lab results Unattended 24/7 lab quality results in 1 hour Results can immediately be used to modify the process 5-200 (in μg/l) range for TTHM and Chloroform 2 (W) x1.3 (D) x 5 (H) 100 lbs 14
Data Reliability: Labs vs. Online (Spiked Samples) 5 US-EPA Accredited Labs & 3 THM-100 Monitors Sample Water Spiked at TTHM 79.5 ug/l (60% CHCl 3 ) Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Lab 4 Lab 5 THM-100 1 THM-100 2 THM-100 3 30 30 % Error CHBr1-3 20 10 0-10 -20 % Error CHBr1-3 20 10 0-10 -20-30 -30-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 % Error CHCl3-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 % Error CHCl3 15
Benefits of an Online THM Monitor Control of THM Remediation Operating Costs Mitigation chemicals (e.g. coagulants, alternative disinfectants) GAC, filters and membranes Source Water blending Sludge removal Energy (e.g. RO, EDR, Aeration) Enables avoidance of unnecessary capital expenditure Averts regulatory breaches Reduces manual sampling costs Provides Peace of Mind 16
Loch Bradan Water Treatment Works - Scotland Loch Bradan Reservoir 32 MGD 60 miles to Glasgow High organics High Mn 17
Data Reliability: Grab-Samples vs. Online (WTW & SR) TTHM (ug/l) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 WTW : THM-100 WTW : Grab-Sample THM Zone Storage Reservoir 1 Storage Reservoir 2 Storage Reservoir 3 10 0 17-Apr 1-May 15-May 29-May 12-Jun 26-Jun 18
R. E. Badger Water Filtration Plant So CA Rancho Santa Fe 40 MGD Challenging local sources Blending with imported water Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 19
THM Mitigation by Source Water Blending TTHM (ug/l) Local water TOC ~10-13 ppm; Imported water TOC ~2-3 ppm Imported water available once daily Increasing local water from 30% to 50% saves US > $1.0 M annually 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4-Aug 11-Aug 18-Aug 20
Castelldefels Water Storage Spain B A A B Near Barcelona 330k gals/tank A - aerated B - control Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 21
THM Mitigation by Aeration, RO, & Monitoring Reservoir filling between midnight and 6am (lower energy costs) Aeration reduces TTHM by ~30% daily Aeration changes THM speciation Extent of aeration and RO reduced on Sept 14 th 45 TTHM % Bromoform 90 40 80 35 70 TTHM (ug/l) 30 25 20 15 10 Reduction in Extent of THM Mitigation 60 50 40 30 20 % Bromoform 5 10 0 0 8-Sep 9-Sep 10-Sep 11-Sep 12-Sep 13-Sep 14-Sep 15-Sep 16-Sep 17-Sep 18-Sep 19-Sep 20-Sep 22
City of Phoenix South Mountain Reservoir Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 23
Optimizing Energy Use for THM Remediation System installed May 2012 Location is the last point in the network where remediation can occur TTHM levels too close to MCL without remediation 10-30 ug/l daily swing aeration, pumping, temperature, demand 8 15-HP aerators which can only be turned on or off 8 15-HP aerators, using 784MWH/year 90 100 80 90 ug/l 70 60 50 40 30 20 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 % TTHM TTHM %CHCl3 10 10 0 0 9/2/12 9/4/12 9/6/12 9/8/12 9/10/12 9/12/12 9/14/12 9/16/12 9/18/12 9/20/12 Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 24
City of Benicia Water Treatment No. CA 12 MGD Seasonally variant local sources Blending and enhanced coagulation Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 25
THM Levels Skyrocket After Recent Rain 60 50 100 90 80 TTHM ug/l 40 30 20 10 TTHM % CHCl3 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 % Chloroform 0 9/18 9/28 10/8 10/18 10/28 11/7 11/17 11/27 12/7 0 Rain 5 of the past 7 days, roughly 20% of the year s total Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 26
Stockton East Water District Central CA 45 MGD Retail / Wholesale production Seasonally variant local sources Agricultural runoff Chlorine gas Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 27
THM Levels Skyrocket After Recent Rain TTHM ug/l 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 TTHM Conc Chloroform % 11/17 11/22 11/27 12/2 12/7 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % Chloroform Rain 5 of the past 7 days, roughly 20% of the year s total Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 28
System Features, Functions, Benefits Enables Real-Time Monitoring of THMs in Drinking Water System Features: Lab Quality THM Results: one hour, 24x7 User Programmable: sampling frequency and alarm thresh holds Self Calibrating: onboard THM standards USB: data retrieval and system upgrades 4-20 ma: telemetric SCADA notifications System Functions: Inline and Real-time, Automated and Unattended System Benefits: Operational Benefits: Reduced operating costs with process optimization of THM remediation Regulatory Benefits: Enables Compliance Management Archival to Proactive Minimizes Public Health Hazards from exposure to contaminants Minimizes Potential Regulatory Breaches, and Fines based on Violations 29
Process Control Minimizes Compliance Cost 30
Questions Rudy Mui Aqua Metrology Systems Limited (408) 306-4558 rudy@aquametrologysystems.com Enabling the Optimization of THM Control 31
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