WHAT ARE WE BREATHING IN RAIL SUBWAY SYSTEMS, AND WHY? T. Moreno, V. Martins, MC. Minguillón, C. Reche, F. Amato, M. Capdevila, E. de Miguel, S. Centelles, X. Querol
Implementing Methodologies and Practices to Reduce air pollution Of the subway environment THE QUESTION OF AIR QUALITY IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS IS NOT TRIVIAL Underground subway systems worldwide transport > 100 million people daily Ambient PM10 concentrations on platforms can be >> 50 µg/m 3. Subway PM is extremely metalliferous and very different in chemistry from outside ambient air.
On platforms PM10 (µg/m 3 ) PM2.5 (µg/m 3 ) Barcelona 87-325 13-186 Querol et al. 2012; Moreno et al. 2014; Martins et al. 2015 Budapest 155 51 Salma et al. 2007 London 1000 1500 270 480 Seaton et al. 2005 Los Angeles 78 57 Kam et al. 2011 Paris 200 61 Raut et al. 2009 Prague 215 94 Cusack et al. 2015 New York 68 Wang and Gao 2011 Seoul 359 129 Kim et al. 2008 Stockholm 357 199 Johansson & Johansson 2003 Taipei 51 35 Cheng et al. 2008 Inside train PM10 PM2.5 Barcelona 36-100 11-75 Querol et al. 2012; Martins et al. 2015 Los Angeles 31 24 Kam et al. 2011 New York 40 Wang and Gao 2011 Taipei 41 32 Cheng et al. 2008
PM SOURCES IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS Outdoor Na, K, NO 3, SO 4, V, C, etc Catenary Cu, Zn, Pb, C Electric brushes Carbon + resuspension Brakes Ba, Cu, Sb, As Wheels, rails Fe, Mn, Cr Ballast, cement Al, Si, Ca, etc
BCN Metro 1.25 million passengers per weekday 50% of public transport loading Average journey time (inside train) 12 minutes Open platform system Closed platform system
BARCELONA METRO AIR QUALITY PROJECT (2013-2015) METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN Continuous aerosol monitoring at 4 platforms during one whole month (twice a year). 24 platforms (6 lines) Inside trains (6 lines)
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN ASAP: PM10 samples for microscopy (Cardiff Univ.-UK) Coriolis: Bacteria (DNA, RNA) in trains and at platforms 10 min (CEAB/CSIC, Univ. Laval- Canada & Queensland Univ. of Technology- Australia)
ppm PMx (µg/m 3 ) 11:55 11:56 11:57 11:59 12:00 12:02 12:03 12:05 12:06 12:07 12:09 12:10 12:12 12:13 12:14 12:16 12:17 12:19 12:20 12:22 12:23 12:24 12:26 12:27 12:29 12:30 12:31 12:33 12:34 12:36 12:37 12:39 12:40 12:41 12:43 12:44 12:46 12:47 12:48 12:50 12:51 12:53 12:54 12:56 12:57 12:58 13:00 13:01 13:03 13:04 13:05 VARIABLES: TRAIN FREQUENCY & PASSENGER NUMBERS 160 PM10 PM2.5 PM1 La Sagrera µg/m 3 120 80 40 0 500 475 200 Joanic SUMMER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure Passenger build-up and exchange 500 CO 2 160 475 120 CO 2 450 80 450 425 40 Train IN Train OUT 10:10 425 0 10:25 9:20 09:35 12:03 12:10 time 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 time 13:00 Time (hh:mm) Moreno et al 2014, Atmos Environ 92, 461-68
PMx (µg/m 3 ) PMx (µg/m 3 ) 200 VARIABLES: PLATFORM VENTILATION Joanic SUMMER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure 160 120 80 1 2 3 4 40 0 12:03 12:10 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 13:00 200 160 Joanic WINTER 120 80 40 0 12:04 12:11 12:18 12:26 12:33 12:40 12:47 12:54 13:02 13:09 Time (hh:mm)
PMx (µg/m 3 ) VARIABLES: TUNNEL AND TRAIN VENTILATION WITH FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION 700 WITHOUT FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION 700 525 525 µg/m 3 350 350 175 175 1h 1h 200 160 INSIDE TRAINS PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Open Close With Air Conditioning Without Air Conditioning 120 80 40 0 10:33 10:40 10:47 10:55 11:02 11:09 11:16 11:23 11:31 Time (hh:mm) Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511, 711-722
VARIABLES: STATION DESIGN AND PISTON EFFECT (µg/m 3 µg/m 3 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 PM10 PM2.5 PM1 TRAIN Without PSD 20 0 9:27 9:35 9:43 9:52 10:00 10:08 10:17 10:25 160 140 TRAIN PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Train arrival Train departure 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 13:22 13:29 13:36 13:43 13:50 13:58 Time (hh:mm) 14:05 14:12 14:19 14:26 With PSD
PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) VARIABLES CONTROLLING PLATFORM AIR QUALITY 160 Colder Warmer 120 80 40 0 single tunnel with one rail track separated from the platform by a wall with PSDs NEW SYSTEM one wide tunnel with two rail tracks separated by a middle wall single narrow tunnel with one rail track one wide tunnel with two rail tracks without middle wall CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511, 711-722
PM sources in underground systems Frontal brake pad Lateral brake pad Cu catenary 2cm Wheels 1cm
RAIL/WHEEL BRAKE PADS Moreno et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 505, 367 375
IMPROVE OBJECTIVES (20014-2018) 1. To determine the emission sources and their contribution to air quality in platforms and trains, 2. To develop and propose to local/national authorities effective air mitigation measures for subway systems Testing and Development of mitigation strategies: Tunnel activities, Practicability/effect of applying dry suppressant compounds to ballast, Mitigation strategies for emissions from specific rail sources (brake pads, rails & electrical catenaries).
CONCLUSIONS Station design: single/double track, access points, depth, ventilation systems, platform door systems Train frequency and piston effect Passenger numbers Train design: braking systems, wheels, air conditioning, etc. Contamination by outside city air Ferruginous environment influenced by brake pad chemistry teresa.moreno@idaea.csic.es http://improve-life.eu
http://improve-life.eu teresa.moreno@idaea.csic.es
Subway/Barcelona outdoor SUBWAY PM CHEMISTRY Llefià Joanic Tetuan Sta Coloma 100,00 Pb, Ni, As, La, Ce, Co, Cu, Sb NO 3, Na, Cl, PM 2.5, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cr, Mn TC, Al, Mg, V, Bi, Se, Sn, P, Zn, Li, Ti, Ba 10,00 1,00 NO3- SO42- NH4+ Na Cl PM2.5 TC Al2O3 Ca Mg Fe Pb V Cd Bi Se Sn Ni Rb P U Zn As Li Ti La Ce Co Cr Cu Mn Sb Ba