Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives 3rd Edition George Wypych <e> ChemTec Publishing Toronto 2014
"Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical developments 1.2 Expectations from commercial additives 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Classification i i 2 4 5 6 2 Generic Types 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristic properties of commercial additives 2.2.1 Antiblocking agents 2.2.2 Mold release agents 2.2.3 Slip agents 9 9 10 10 22 29 35 3 Standard Methods of Control 3.1 Adhesives 3.2 Floor coverings 3.3 Footwear and walkway surfaces 3.4 Geosynthetics 3.5 Leather and coated fabrics 3.6 Lubricants 3.7 Medical 3.8 Paints and Coatings 3.9 Paper 3.10 Plastics and rubber 3.11 Roads and pavement 3.12 Sport equipment 3.13 Textiles 4 Transportation and Storage 4.1 Transportation 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 41 42 43 44 45 45 51 51 4.2 Storage 52 53 5 Mechanisms of Action 5.1 Antiblocking agents 5.2 Slip agents 5.3 Release agents 55 55 61 64 69 6 Compatibility and Performance 71 75
ii 7 Diffusion and Migration 77 7.1 Diffusion 77 7.2 Distribution of additive in bulk and on surface 80 7.3 How mobility affects additive selection? 82 7.4 Additive transfer to material in contact 83 7.5 Additive loss 84 86 8 Interaction with Other Components of Formulation 89 8.1 Fillers 89 8.2 Other components of formulation 91 8.3 Synergy between surface additives 92 8.4 Other properties 94 95 9 Processing and Additive Performance 97 99 10 Effect on Product Properties 101 10.1 Mechanical properties 101 10.2 Mar and abrasion 103 10.3 Shrinkage and warpage 104 10.4 Blocking force 105 10.5 Adhesion to mold and demolding 107 10.6 Coefficient of friction 111 10.7 Residues on molds 116 10.8 Residues on molded parts 117 10.9 Optical properties 119 10.10 Rheological properties 121 10.11 Electrical properties 124 10.12 Structure and orientation 124 10.13 Thermal aging 125 10.14 UV radiation 127 10.15 Effect on other properties 127 130 11 Use in Specific Polymers 133 11.1 ABS 133 11.2 Acrylics 135 11.3 BromobutyI rubber 137 11.4 Cellulose acetate 138 11.5 Cellulose, acetate, butyrate and propionate 139 11.6 Cellulose nitrate 140 11.7 Chlorinated polyvinylchloride 141 11.8 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene 141 11.9 Copolymers 142 11.10 Cyanoacrylates 145 11.11 Ethyl cellulose 145
iii 11.12 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, EPDM 146 11.13 Ethylene-propylene rubber. EPR 148 11.14 Epoxy resin 149 11.15 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA 151 11.16 Ionomers 153 11.17 Nitrile rubber 153 11.18 Polyamide 154 11.19 Polybutadiene 155 11.20 Polycarbonate 156 11.21 Polyester 157 11.22 Polyetherimide 11.23 Polyethylene 162 11.24 Polyimide 169 11.25 Polylactide 11.26 Polymethylmethacrylate 171 11.27 Polyoxymethylene 172 11.28 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) 11.29 Polyphenylene ether 174 11.30 Polypropylene 175 11.31 Polystyrene 178 11.32 Polysulfone 180 11.33 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 180 11.34 Polyvinylacetate 181 11.35 Polyvinylalcohol 181 11.36 Polyvinylbutyral 11.37 Polyvinylchloride 183 11.38 Polyurethanes 184 11.39 Proteins 188 11.40 Rubber, natural 188 11.41 Silicone 189 11.42 Styrene-butadiene rubber 190 11.43 Styrene-butadiene-styrene 191 11.44 Starch 192 192 12 Use in Industrial Products 201 12.1 Adhesives and sealants 201 12.2 Aerospace 203 12.3 Agriculture 204 12.4 Automotive applications 206 12.5 Bottles 208 12.6 Ceramic materials 210 12.7 Composites 211 12.8 Coated fabrics 211 12.9 Cosmetics 213 12.10 Dental materials 213 12.11 Electronics 214 12.12 Fibers 216 12.13 Film 217 161 170 173 182
iv 12.14 Food 227 12.15 Foams 228 12.16 Gaskets 230 12.17 Inks, varnishes, and lacquers 231 12.18 Medical devices 232 12.19 Membranes 232 12.20 Paints and coatings 233 12.21 Pharmaceutical products 234 12.22 Photographic materials 235 12.23 Pipes 237 12.24 Road construction 238 12.25 Roofing materials 238 12.26 Synthetic paper 239 12.27 Tires 239 12.28 Toys 241 12.29 Wire & cable 241 242 13 Various Processing Methods 249 13.1 Blow molding 249 13.2 Calendering 251 13.3 Coextrusion 251 13.4 Compression molding 253 13.5 Compounding (mixing) 256 13.6 Dip coating 257 13.7 Dryblending 259 13.8 Extrusion 261 13.9 Extrusion blow molding 264 13.10 Injection molding 266 13.11 Lithography 269 13.12 Printing 270 13.13 Reaction injection molding 273 13.14 Rotational molding 274 13.15 Rubber processing 275 13.16 Slip casting 277 13.17 Thermoforming 277 13.18 Transfer molding 278 278 14 Specialized Analytical Methods 283 14.1 Identification 283 14.2 Determination ofconcentration 284 14.3 Determination of volatility and molecular motion 286 14.4 Study of materials containing additives 287 289 15 Mathematical Modelling 293 295
v 16 Health, Safety and Environmental Issues 297 16.1 Antiblocking agents 297 16.2 Release agents 300 16.3 Slip agents 302 17 Regulations and Data 305 17.1 Toxic substance control 305 17.2. Carcinogenic effect 307 17.3 Workplace exposure limits 308 17.4 Food regulatory acts 310 18 Personal Protection 313 18.1 Clothing 313 18.2 Gloves 314 18.3 Eye protection 316 18.4 Respiratory protection Index 323 312 317 321