Thursday, 1 October 2015 Delivered by the Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities Trade Analysis Branch
Tariff (%) Number of Measures in Force Figure 5: Contrasting Trade Policies Tariffs have gone down, non-tariff measures not so 6 Non-Tariff Measures Applied Tariff MFN Tariff 3000 5 2500 4 2000 3 1500 2 1000 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: UNCTAD calculations based on UNCTAD TRAINS and WTO I-TIP data
NTMs in World Trade Frequency Index Coverage Ratio Percent 0 20 40 60 80 SPS Measures Technical Barriers Quantity-Price Export Measures PreShipment Insp.
MA-OTRI 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Total Ag. Mfg. Total Ag. Mfg. Total Ag. Mfg. High income Middle income Low income Tariff Non-Tariff
Cases with Measures in Effect Frequency Index Trade Defence Measures Initiated by Developing Countries Initiated by Developed Countries 1,500 Technical and Non-Technical NTM vs GDP per Capita Technical NTM Non-Technical NTM Fitted Line Fitted Line.8 1,000.6.4 500.2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 log GDP per capita
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Beverages Other Prepared Food Prepared Vegetables Prepared Cereals Cocoa Sugar Prepared Animal Products Fats/Oils Gums/Resins Oil Seeds Milling Products Cereals Coffee/Tea/Spices Fruits Vegetables Live Plants Other Animal Products Dairy Products Fish Meats Live Animal Exports to the EU Export Loss 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Billion US$
Guides the concept and data collection
Tree structure Example A SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES A1 Prohibitions / restrictions of imports for SPS reasons A2 Tolerance limits for residues and restricted use of substances ( ) A8 Conformity Assessment related to SPS A81 Product registration requirement A82 Testing requirement A83 Certification requirement A84 Inspection requirement A85 Traceability requirement A851 Origin of materials and parts A8 52 Proces sing history A853 Distribution and location of products after delivery A859 Traceability requirements n.e.s. A86 Quarantine requirement A89 Conformity assessments related to SPS n.e.s A9 SPS Measures n.e.s. B TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE C PRE - SHIPMENT INSPECTION AND OTHER FORMALITIES D CONTINGENT TRADE PROTECTIVE MEASURES E NON - AUTOMATIC LICENSING, QUOTAS, PROHIBITIONS F PRICE CONTROL MEASURES INCLUDING ADDIT. TAXES G FINANCE ME ASURES H MEASURES AFFECTING COMPETITION I TRADE - RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES At this level of coding: 122 measures in the classification
Latin America and the Caribbean North America Europe and Central Asia Middle East and Sub-Saharan North Africa Africa South Asia Argentina US E.U. Egypt Burkina Faso Afghanistan China East-Asia and the Pacific Bolivia Canada Kazakhstan Lebanon Cote d Ivoire India Japan Brazil Russia Morocco Guinea Nepal Hong Kong, C Chile Tajikistan Tunisia Madagascar Pakistan Australia Colombia Belarus Algeria Mauritius Sri Lanka New Zealand Costa Rica Jordan Namibia All ASEAN Cuba Palestine Senegal Korea Ecuador Guatemala Mexico Paraguay Peru Uruguay Tanzania Kenya Malawi Rwanda Nigeria Benin Venezuela Cape Verde Liberia El Salvador Gambia Mali Honduras Ghana All TRIPARTITE Nicaragua Guinea Bissau 27
data available being collected non initiated
Soon also here: www.i-tip.org
Level of NTM stringency Developed markets with differing requirements Regional group of developing countries can adopt international standard to enhance intraand extra regional trade + sustainability Developing country adopting Northern standard as domestic requirement can harm South-South trade
-.1 -.05 0.05.1.15 Regulatory distance for agricultural sectors, only technical measures BRA EU COL CHL URY ARG MEX PRY CUB VEN PER BOL ECU USA -.2 -.15 -.1 -.05 0.05.1 Modern MDS (loss=stress; transform=identity)
0 5 10 15 20 25 Animals Vegetables Fats & oils Beverages and tobacco Minerals Chemicals Plastics Leather Wood products Paper Textile and clothing Footwear Stone and glass Pearls Metals Machinery Vehicles Optical and medical Arms Miscellaneous 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1 4.6 4.3 5.6 5.4 6.4 5.9 7.8 8.1 8.3 9.5 9 9.2 9.6 9.2 11.4 11.3 11.1 6.2 12.6 14.2 0.2 6.7 2.5 5.5 8.2 5.8 1.3 0.8 3.9 4.3 3.3 9.5 4.2 0.6 4 4.8 2.9 3.6 1.8 5.8 6.1 3.9 2.7 4.6 10.4 2.3 2.9 SPS TBT Other NTMs Source: Cadot, Gourdon, Asprilla, Peters, Knebel (2014).
% 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 David Vanzetti, Ralf Peters and Christian Knebel, Sand in the Wheels 2015