International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 3 (2017), pp. 457-468 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India Himani Maheshwari 1 and Kamal Jain 2 1 Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation & Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Abstract In today's world one of the biggest issue faces by all of us is global warming. Global warming refers to an increase in average global temperatures. The main cause of global warming is increasing in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities and their level is quantified with the help of global warming potential (GWP) and expressed as Carbon Footprint (CF). In this study, trends of energy consumption in India is analyzed and estimates are made of CF from combustion of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, petroleum products) for the period 2005-06 to 2013-14 using International Panel for Climate Change 2006 guidelines. The proportion of petroleum products and coal in total energy consumption is increasing, while that of natural gas is decreasing. The estimated carbon footprint release from all major fossil fuels used in India amounted to 1,209,243 Gigagram in 2005-06, and 1,768,057 Gigagram in 2013-14. CF from fossil fuels is increasing. Coal contributes the majority of CF load, and although the use of petroleum product is increasing rapidly, its contribution to CF is less than that of coal. Keywords: greenhouse gases, carbon footprint, coal, natural gas, petroleum products
458 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain INTRODUCTION The frequently changing pattern of land use and industrial growth in India are essentially responsible for the issues and concerns about environmental risks. In the last two decades in India, the demand for transportation, energy generation, construction of buildings, residential and industrial sector grew significantly. This is contribution to air pollution across the countries [1]. Global warming is an emerging issue due to the extensive spread of greenhouse gases (GHGs) across countries, regions or continents. Fossil Fuels and industrial process are the potent sources of GHGs [2]. The global GHG emissions from industrial process (includes metal and cement production) and fossil fuel combustion in 2013 is 35300 million tons (Mt) which is increased by 0.7 Gt from 2012. According to Figure 1, the topmost six GHG emitting countries are China, the US, the EU, India, Russia and Japan [3]. The total carbon dioxide emission of India in 2013 is 2100 million tones which is nearly increase by 4.4% from last year which makes it fourth largest GHG emitter country, this high ranking is due to its huge population and economy but per capita carbon dioxide emission of India were much lower than other developed countries and China [4]. The distribution of global carbon footprint is given in table 1. PERCENTAGE OF GHG EMISSSIONS REGION WISE Others 30% China 29% Japan 4% Russia 5% India 6% EU 11% US 15% Figure 1: Distribution of GHG emission Country wise
Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India 459 Table 1: Distribution of Global Carbon Footprint Sectors Energy Supply Percentage 26 Industry 19 Forestry 17 Agriculture 14 Transport 11 Buildings 8 Aviation 2 Others 3 Carbon Footprint (CF) is another term used for GHGs or carbon dioxide emission in terms of CO2 equivalents [5]. Various definitions of CF are present in literature. But the most recognized definition was proposed by Wiedmann et al.: the CF is the measure of carbon dioxide emissions directly or indirectly caused by an activity or accumulated over the life stages of a product [6]. Very few studies have been conducted on CF in India. In the present study, an attempt is made to analyze the trends of fossil fuel consumption patterns in India and to examine the patterns and trends of CF due to combustion of fossil fuels. The study will give valuable information on India's contribution to global GHG emission and may lead to take steps to control global warming. STUDY AREA India, second largest country by population (1276.267 million) and seventh largest country area wise (3,287,590 km 2 ) in world, is located in South Central Asia, between 8 4' and 37 6' N latitude, and between 68 7' and 97 25' E longitude. India has an extraordinary variety of climate due to its distinct geography and strongly influenced by the Thar Desert and the Himalayas. The national rainfall pattern varies severely at different locations ranging between 13 cm to about 1187 cm. About 46.1% of India is covered under agriculture and 23.9% is under forest and tree cover [7, 8]. STRUCTURE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION After USA, China and Russia, India is in the fourth place of energy consumption in the world but it is not gifted with abundant energy resources. India energy resources
460 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain include commercial, renewable and biomass resources. Commercial energy resources in India comprise petroleum products, natural gas, coal and hydroelectricity. Petroleum products include light distillates (Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), petrol, and naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), High Speed Diesel Oil (HSDO), Light diesel oil (LDO)), and heavy ends (fuel oils, lubricants, bitumen, petroleum coke, refinery fuel). Renewable energy resources include solar, wind, biomass, and cogeneration bagasse but in very less amount and does not make a significant contribution to the carbon footprint, only fossil fuel use is considering the estimation of CF in this study [9-11]. The consumption patterns and trends for different fossil fuels from 2004-05 to 2013-14 are shown in Figure 2. The total consumption of coal in 2013-14 was 571.89 MT, up from 2005-06 by 40.5%. After China and USA, India is the third largest consumer of coal in the word. The largest increase was in the consumption of Transport sector. The total consumption of petroleum products raised only marginally from 113.22 MT in 2005-06 to 158.21 MT in 2013-14.The largest increase was in the consumption of steel and washery. The total consumption of natural gas in 2013-14 was 34.64 billion cubic meter, up from 2005-06 by 11.6%. The largest increase was in the consumption of fertilizers industry (32.56%) followed by power generation (31.02%) [11]. Table 2, 3 and 4 depicts the consumption of coal, petroleum products and natural gas in India from 2005-06 to 2013-14 [11]. Consumption of Fossil Fuels 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Coal (in Million Tonne) Petroleum Products (in Million Tonne) Natural Gas (in Billion m3) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 2: Trends in consumption of Fossil Fuels
Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India 461 Years Table 2: Consumption of Coal in India Consumption of Coal (in Million Tonne) Total Raw Coal Coking Coal Non-Coking Coal Lignite Consump tion (in Million Tonne) (in Million Tonne) (%) (in Million Tonne) (%) (in Million Tonne) (in Million Tonne) 2005-06 437.27 407.04 7.7 31.34208 92.3 375.6979 30.23 2006-07 462.12 430.83 7.5 32.31225 92.5 398.5178 31.29 2007-08 491.06 457.08 7.5 34.281 92.5 422.799 33.98 2008-09 525.18 492.76 7.1 34.98596 92.9 457.774 32.42 2009-10 566.11 532.04 8.3 44.15932 91.7 487.8807 34.07 2010-11 570.42 532.69 9.3 49.54017 90.7 483.1498 37.73 2011-12 577.76 535.88 9.6 51.44448 90.4 484.4355 41.88 2012-13 613.91 567.6 9.3 52.7868 90.7 514.8132 46.31 2013-14 615.79 571.89 10 57.189 90 514.701 43.9 Table 3: Consumption of Petroleum Products in India Consumption of Petroleum Products (in Million Tonnes) Light Distillates Middle Distillates Heavy Ends Years Total Gasoline Naphtha LPG Kerosene ATF Diesel Fuel Oil Lubricant s Bitumen Petroleum Coke Refinery Fuel Others 2005-06 113.22 8.65 12.19 10.46 9.54 3.3 41.07 12.83 2.08 3.51 4.93 9.14 4.66 2006-07 120.76 9.29 13.89 10.85 9.51 3.98 43.62 12.62 1.9 3.83 5.44 10.92 5.83 2007-08 128.96 10.33 13.29 12.17 9.37 4.54 48.34 12.72 2.29 4.51 5.95 11.75 5.45 2008-09 133.6 11.26 13.91 12.34 9.3 4.42 52.26 12.59 2 4.75 6.17 11.91 4.6 2009-10 137.81 12.82 10.13 13.14 9.3 4.63 56.7 11.63 2.54 4.93 6.59 14.58 5.4 2010-11 141.05 14.19 10.68 14.33 8.93 5.08 60.53 10.79 2.43 4.54 4.98 16.38 4.57 2011-12 148.14 14.99 11.22 15.35 8.23 5.54 65.17 9.31 2.63 4.64 6.14 17.29 4.92 2012-13 157.07 15.74 12.29 15.6 7.5 5.27 69.48 7.66 3.2 4.68 10.14 18.35 5.51 2013-14 158.21 17.13 11.45 16.34 7.17 5.51 68.76 6.19 2.89 4.94 11.65 17.87 6.18
462 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain Table 4: Consumption of Natural Gas in India Years A Consumption Consumption (in TJ (A 38520)) (in billion cubic metre) 2005-06 31.04 1195660.8 2006-07 30.79 1186030.8 2007-08 31.48 1212609.6 2008-09 31.75 1223010 2009-10 46.52 1791950.4 2010-11 51.25 1974150 2011-12 46.48 1790409.6 2012-13 39.78 1532325.6 2013-14 34.64 1334332.8 METHODOLOGY FOR EMISSION ESTIMATION Because biomass burning, hydro energy and renewable energy does not make a significant contribution to the CF, only fossil fuel use is considering in the estimation of CF in this study. The steps involved in estimating CF from fossil fuel combustion using IPCC 2006 guidelines are described below [12]. Step 1.The energy consumption data were multiplied by Net Calorific Values (NCV) (table 5) of the respective fuel types to convert them to energy units (terajoules (TJ)). Step 2. The energy consumption data (in TJ) were multiplied by fuel-specific emission factors (kg of greenhouse gas per TJ of Fuel, table 6) to estimate the net emission of each fuel type. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide emission factors for each fuel type were taken from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Step3. The emission values were multiplied by their Global Warming Potential (GWP) and estimate CF as CF= CO2 emission 1 + CH4 emission 21 + N2O emission 310
Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India 463 Table 5: Default NCV of Fuel [12] Fuel NCV (TJ/kt) Coking Coal 24.18 Non Coking Coal 19. 63 Lignite 9.69 Gasoline 44.3 Naphtha 44.5 LPG 47.3 Kerosene 43.8 ATF 44.3 Diesel 43 Fuel Oil 40.4 Lubricants 40.2 Bitumen 40.2 Petroleum Coke 32.5 Refinery Fuel 49.5 Others 40.33 Fuel Table 6: Default Emission Factors of Fuel [12] Default Emission Factors (kg of greenhouse gas per TJ of Fuel) CO 2 CH 4 N 2O Natural Gas 56100 1 0.1 Coking Coal 94600 1 1.5 Non- Coking Coal 96100 1 1.5 Lignite 101000 1 1.5 Gasoline 69300 3 0.6 Naphtha 73300 3 0.6 LPG 63100 1 0.1 Kerosene 71900 3 0.6 ATF 70000 3 0.6 Diesel 74100 3 0.6 Fuel Oil 77400 3 0.6 Lubricants 73300 3 0.6
464 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain Bitumen 80700 3 0.6 Petroleum Coke 97500 3 0.6 Refinery Fuel 57600 1 0.1 Other Petroleum Products 73300 3 0.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 7, 8, and 9 present the CF of natural gas, petroleum products and coal. The contributions of natural gas, petroleum products, and coal to total CF during the period 2005-06 and 2013-14 are presented in Figure 3A and 3B. Coal contributed 65% of CF, petroleum products and natural gas contributed 31% and 4%, respectively, of total CF from fossil fuels in 2013-14. The trend in CF from combustion of fossil fuels in India from 2005-06 to 2013-14 is shown in Figure 4. The total CF release from all primary fossil fuels in India amounted to 1209243 Gigagram (Gg) in 2005-06, which increased to 1768057 Gg in 2013-14, about 1.5 times higher than in 2005-06. Figure 5 depicts the trends in CF from coal, petroleum products and natural gas respectively. Figure 5 shows that CF from natural gas is increasing from 2005-06 to 2012-13 but then decreasing in 2013-14. This decrease in natural gas consumption due to fall in production from offshore block in the Krishna-Godavari basin. Figure 5 depicts that CF from coal and petroleum products is increasing rapidly because the use of coal and petroleum products increased day by day from 2005-06 to 2013-14 due to its availability, ease of handling and transport, ease of use, and low cost. Figure 6 depicts the total CF from fossil fuels of 2005-06 and 2013-14. Table 7: Carbon Footprint of Natural Gas Years CO2 emission (in Gg) CH4 emission (in Gg) N2O emission (in Gg) CF (in Gg) 2005-06 67076.57088 1.1956608 0.11956608 67138.75 2006-07 66536.32788 1.1860308 0.11860308 66598 2007-08 68027.39856 1.2126096 0.12126096 68090.45 2008-09 68610.861 1.22301 0.122301 68674.46 2009-10 100528.4174 1.7919504 0.17919504 100621.6 2010-11 110749.815 1.97415 0.197415 110852.5 2011-12 100441.9786 1.7904096 0.17904096 100535.1 2012-13 85963.46616 1.5323256 0.15323256 86043.15 2013-14 74856.07008 1.3343328 0.13343328 74925.46
Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India 465 Table 8: Carbon Footprint of Petroleum Products Carbon Footprint (in Gg) Light Distillates Middle Distillates Heavy Ends Years Gasoline Naphtha LPG Kerosene ATF Diesel Fuel Oil Lubricants Bitumen Petroleum Coke Refinery Fuel Others CF 2005-06 26650.83 39897.02 31244.96 30147.6 10269.7 131301.1 40247.96 6149.873 11422.07 1429.579125 19691.0406 14445.546 335682.2 2006-07 28622.68 45461 32409.92 30052.8 12385.88 139453.4 39589.19 5617.673 12463.39 15661.83353 26083.49436 13822.637 382899.1 2007-08 31826.94 43497.25 36352.88 29610.38 14128.62 154543.3 39902.89 6770.774 14676.22 17282.0232 31163.21208 17293.128 411794.4 2008-09 34692.29 45526.46 36860.69 29389.17 13755.18 167075.6 39495.08 5913.34 15457.21 18902.21288 33531.8445 16165.96 439909.3 2009-10 39498.69 33154.79 39250.36 29389.17 14408.7 181270.3 36483.54 7509.941 16042.96 19601.11823 33988.44834 13644.663 455399.2 2010-11 43719.68 34954.9 42804.99 28219.93 15809.12 193514.8 33848.44 7184.708 14773.84 20935.39208 41608.02492 16017.648 475569.5 2011-12 46184.5 36722.28 45851.83 26007.84 17240.65 208348.9 29205.65 7776.042 15099.26 15820.67565 46744.81812 13555.676 490951.6 2012-13 48495.27 40224.32 46598.6 23700.95 16400.4 222128 24029.57 9461.343 15229.42 19505.81295 49341.75246 14593.857 515878.4 2013-14 52777.88 37475.05 48809.04 22658.1 17147.29 219826.2 19418.15 8544.776 16075.5 32213.18295 52366.7529 16343.934 547191.8 Table 9: Carbon Footprint of Coal Coking Coal Non-Coking Coal Lignite Years CO 2 CH 4 N 2O CF CO 2 CH 4 N 2O CF CO 2 CH 4 N 2O CF (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) (in Gg) 2005-06 83611.89 0.88384666 1.32577 84041.44 682376.4 7.100691 10.65104 685827.3 36333.44 0.359737 0.539606 36508.27 2006-07 86200.04 0.91120545 1.366808 86642.88 723823.8 7.531985 11.29798 727484.3 37607.45 0.372351 0.558527 37788.41 2007-08 91452.11 0.9667242 1.450086 91921.94 767925.6 7.990901 11.98635 771809.2 40840.56 0.404362 0.606543 41037.08 2008-09 93332.75 0.98660407 1.479906 93812.23 831450.4 8.651929 12.97789 835655.2 38965.6 0.385798 0.578697 39153.1 2009-10 117804.7 1.24529282 1.867939 118409.9 886132.8 9.220945 13.83142 890614.2 40948.73 0.405433 0.60815 41145.77 2010-11 132159.3 1.39703279 2.095549 132838.3 877540.2 9.131532 13.6973 881978.1 45347.69 0.448987 0.673481 45565.89 2011-12 137239.5 1.45073434 2.176102 137944.5 879875.4 9.155831 13.73375 884325.1 50335.57 0.498372 0.747558 50577.78 2012-13 140820.4 1.48858776 2.232882 141543.9 935050.1 9.729969 14.59495 939778.8 55659.99 0.551089 0.826634 55927.82 2013-14 152564.2 1.6127298 2.419095 153348 934846.3 9.727849 14.59177 939574 52763.41 0.52241 0.783615 53017.3
466 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain Share of Carbon Footprint in 2005-06 28% 5% Coal 67% Petroleum Products Natural Gas Share of Carbon Footprint in 2013-14 31% Coal 4% 65% Petroleum Products Natural Gas Figure 3A: Contribution (%) of coal, petroleum products and natural gas to CF in 2005-06 3B: Contribution (%) of coal, petroleum products and natural gas to CF in 2013-14 Carbon Footprint in Gg 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Year Figure 4: Trend in CF from fossil fuel combustion in India (2005-06 to 2013-14)
Trends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India 467 CF in Gg 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Figure 3: Trends in CF from combustion of natural gas, petroleum products and coal (2005-06 to 2013-14) Year Natural Gas Petroleum Products Coal 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Carbon Footprint in Gg Coal Petroleum Products Naturall Gas 2005-06 2013-14 Figure 6: Carbon Footprint of Fossil Fuels in 2005-06 and 2013-14 CONCLUSION This study analyzed the trends of energy consumption and CF scenarios of India in detail. The overall findings of the study can be summarized as follows: The consumption of fossil fuels in India is growing rapidly. There is an increase of the proportion of coal and petroleum products and a decrease in the share of natural gas in total energy consumption in the period 2005-06 to 2013-14. The total CF release from
468 Himani Maheshwari and Kamal Jain all primary fossil fuels used in India amounted to 1,209,243 Gg in 2005-06, and increased to 1,768,057 Gg in 2013-14. The primary source of CF is coal, which contributed 65% of all CO2 emissions. Petroleum products contributed 31% and natural gas contributed 4% of the total CF during in 2013-14. Natural gas is exhibiting a sharply decreasing trend in CF, coal is showing an increasing trend, and petroleum products are showing a slowly increasing trend. REFERENCES [1] Sharma, R.K., Gairola, A., Maheshwari, H., 2012, A review on Indian Perspective Air Pollution and wind environment specifications, 7th Workshop on Regional Harmonization of Wind Loading and Wind Environmental Specifications in Asia-Pacific Economies (APEC-WW 2012), 1(1), 58-71. [2] Sarkar, A.N., 2011, Global Climate Change and Emerging Environmental and Strategic Security Issues for South Asia, Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 1162-1171. [3] EDGAR, 2014, Trends in Global CO2 emissions, A report by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [4] World Bank, 2014, Data from database: World Development Indicators. Last accessed on: 30/07/2015, Internet: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.asp x?source=worlddevelopment-ndicators#. [5] Ramachandra T.V. and Shwetmala, 2012, Decentralised carbon footprint analysis for opting climate change mitigation strategies in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 5820-5833. [6] Gao T., Liu Q. and Wang J.,2013, A comparative study of carbon footprint and assessment standards, International Journal of Low-Carbon technologies, 0,1-7. [7] India Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (ISNC-UNFCCC), 2012, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india [9] Chaper 12 energy, 12 th five year plan [10] Abul, A.K., Nashreen, S.W. and Sultana, J., 2006, State of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission in Bangladesh, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 35(2), 86-88. [11] Energy Statistics, 2015. Twenty second Issue. [12] IPCC, 2006, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IGES, Japan. Available at: http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_volume2/v2_2_ch2_stationary_combu stion.pdf