* Economics of Supplemental Irrigation to FCV Tobacco Using Harvested Water in Alfisols of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh R.Sreenivasulu, A.R.Panda and V.Krishnamurthy Cental Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry, A.P. & M. Osman, K.V.Rao and B.Narsimlu Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, A.P.
INTRODUCTION Prakasam District : Largest producer of FCV Tobacco. Climate Hot and humid. Tobacco is a major rainfed rabi crop. The area is prone to drought and cyclones. Ground water is unfit for drinking & irrigation. Soils: Alfisols with moderate WHC. Irrigation facilities are poor.
SEASONAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION KANDUKUR, PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF A.P. 2001 TO 2009 SEASON Normal 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 MEAN REMARKS S.W. MONSOON (JUNE SEPT) 407 (19) 330 (22) 134 (9) 403 (24) 293 (17) 152 (16) 197 (22) 485 (21) 278 (22) 284 (19) D=5 Seasons N.E. MONSOON (OCT DEC) 640 (20) 591 (19) 475 (13) 280 (15) 379 (17) 631 (19) 558 (16) 597 (14) 613 (18) 522 (16) D=3 Seasons WINTER PERIOD (JAN-FEB) 30 (2) 153 (3) NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 81 (4) NIL 33 (1) D=6, E=2 SUMMER PERIOD (MAR-MAY) 74 (3) NIL 59 (3) 161 (7) 50 (1) 65 (4) 66 (4) 117 (6) 74 (4) ANNUAL 1146 (49) 1074 (44) 667 (25) 844 (46) 723 (38) 848 (40) 822 (42) 1280 (45) 891 (40) 913 (40) D=6 Figures in parenthesis indicate rainy days; D: drought season; E: excess rain fall seasons
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION DURING CROPPING PERIOD TOBACCO 2001-09 SEASON Normal 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 MEAN REMA RKS ESTABLISHMENT (OCTOBER) 292 (9) 344 (9) 354 (10) 205 (10) 258 (13) 511 (13) 246 (7) 486 (10) 220 (9) 334 (10) D=2, E=2 ACTIVE GROWTH (1 st Week NOV- 2 nd Week DEC) 302 (10) 239 (8) 126 (3) 54 (3) 121 (4) 119 (5) 259 (8) 107 (3) 362 (8) 175 (6) D=6, E=1 MATURITY&HAR VESTING (3 rd WEEK DEC- FEB) 79 (2) 162 (5) NIL 20 (2) NIL NIL 54 (1) 85 (5) 30 (1) 46 (2) D=6, E=2 TOTAL CROP SEASON (OCT- FEB) 670 (21) 745 (22) 475 (13) 280 (15) 379 (17) 631 (19) 558 (16) 678 (18) 613 (18) 555 (18) D=3 Figures in parenthesis indicate rainy days; D: drought season; E: excess rain fall seasons
NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS AND RAINFALL IN DIFFERENT STORM SIZES 2001-09 YEAR <6 mm 6 12mm 12 25mm 25 50mm 50 100mm > 100mm TOTAL 2001-02 20 (65) 9 (62) 13 (195) 9 (231) 4 (285) 2 (232) 57 (1075) 2002-03 8 (24) 6 (54) 7 (137) 6 (154) 1 (79) 1 (180) 29 (667) 2003-04 22 (59) 13 (121) 11 (190) 6 (235) 3 (240) -- 55 (844) 2004-05 20 (63) 8 (72) 8 (143) 8 (262) 3 (195) -- 47 (723) 2005-06 21 (71) 8 (79) 8 (140) 5 (73) 5 (310) 1 (173) 48 (848) 2006-07 30 (78) 7 (59) 8 (134) 7 (236) 6 (316) -- 58 (822) 2007-08 32 (88) 8 (76) 6 (109) 5 (208) 7 (527) 2 (272) 60 (1280) 2008-09 20 (57) 7 (71) 8 (168) 7 (248) 3 (203) 1 (131) 46 (891) MEAN 17 (65) 8 (75) 9 (146) 7 (228) 4 (253) 1 (145) 46 (913) Figures in parentheses indicate total amount
Material and Methods Topographical survey with total station equipment. Delineation of CTRI micro watershed (40.0 ha). 3926 m length of waterways for safe disposal of surplus rainwater and networking of farm ponds. Farm ponds excavated: 6 (lined 2, unlined -4). Defunct wells converted to percolation ponds: 3 Total volume of rainwater harvested: 8690 m 3 Roof rain water harvesting structure: 1 (100m 3 ). Water utilized for tobacco nursery and life saving irrigation of main crop.
Tobacco is highly sensitive to water logging - safe disposal of surplus water through water ways
Crop damaged due to cyclonic rains Crop can be saved through proper drainage
Volume and catchment area of different storage structures S.No 1 Farm pond/ Percolation pond Farm pond-1 Location Field No. 5 Catmt. area (ha) 2.0 Dimensions Top-Bottom- Depth (m) 16 x 16 m 8.4 x 8.4 ; 3.8 m Excav. Volume (m 3 ) 580 Storage capacity (m 3 ) 500 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Farm pond-2 Farm pond-3 Farm pond - 4 Farm pond - 5 Farm pond-6 Percolation pond-1 Percolation pond 2 Percolation pond 3 Field No.6 Field No.6 Field No. 9 Field No. 8 Field No. 1 Field No.11B Old dugout renovated Field No. 6 Defunct well renovated Field No. 8 Defunct well renovated 2.5 3.7 4.7 2.0 2.7 3.0 2. 5 3.9 27.0 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0m 32.5 x 19.0 m + * 23.5 x 8.0 ; 4.5 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 18.5 x 18.5 m 8 x 8 ; 4.5 m 18.5 x 18.5 m 8 x 8 ; 7.0 m 19.5 x 18.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 6.5 m 645 (645) 1575 (2300) 2950 645 645 900 (900) 1400 1000 10340 550 (600) 1275 (1900) 2570 580 560 790 (750) 1065 800 8690 No. of fillings observed with respective rain fall and there was surplus flow too.
Rainwater harvesting for raising of nursery & Supplemental irrigation of tobacco
Effect of supplemental irrigation on yields of FCV Tobacco, 2003-04(kg/ha) Treatment Green leaf Cured leaf Bright leaf % Bright leaf Grade index No irrigation 6770 1147 631 55.01 958 One irrigation 8496 1416 745 52.60 1161 Improvement (%) +25.5 + 23.4 + 18.1 +4.6 + 21.2 Addl. yield of Grade Index Gross returns @ Rs. 43.30/-kg Expenditure on irrigation Rs. Net returns Rs. 203 kg/ha 8,790/- 3,000/- 5,790/-
Area irrigated with different methods of irrigation using water from different storage structures (2004-05) Sl. Farm Location Catch- Storage Water Area Method Depth Expected No. pond ment Capacity available Cove Of of Area Area (m 3 ) (m 3 ) -red irrigation irriga- (ha) (Ha) (ha) tion (mm) 1 FP-1 FD-5 2.0 435 300 0.8 Perfo 35.3 0.85 2 PP-1 FD-11B 3.0 790 580 1.60 Perfo 36.3 1.22 3 FP-3 FD-6 2.0 600 600 1.80 Furrow 33.3 1.70 4 PP-2 FD-6 2.5 750 550 1.70 Furrow 32.4 1.56 5 FP-2 FD-6 2.5 550 385 0.90 Flood 42.8 1.09 6 FP-4 FD-9 4.7 1900 1360 3.10 Flood 43.9 3.63 7 FP-5 FD-8 2.0 580 430 1.05 Flood 41.0 1.05
Flooding method (40mm) Perfo- method (35 mm) Supplemental irrigation for productivity enhancement Furrow method (35 mm) Alternate furrow method (25mm)
Watering of Nurseries
YIELD OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS (POOLED DATA 2004-05 TO 2006-07) Kg/ha. Treatments T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) SEASONS 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 MEAN S.Em=/- Seasons Treatments Interaction CD at 5% Seasons Treatments Interaction CV % Seasons Treatments Green leaf 6896 7269 7559 7335 7737 6016 6971 6984 7401 7119 715.20 244.68 423.79 NS 706.58 NS 10.44 10.31 Cured leaf 1106 1183 1214 1196 1248 976 1173 1208 1081 1154 34.46 29.10 50.40 NS 84.03 NS 12.65 7.55 Bright leaf 540 566 586 600 605 465 493 683 495 557 26.44 19.94 34.53 91.51 57.57 NS 20.02 10.68 Bright leaf (%) 48.82 47.84 48.27 50.17 48.48 47.64 42.02 56.54 45.79 48.27 Grade index 885 946 973 961 1000 774 900 1009 861 923 27.04 58.27 100.92 93.58 168.26 NS 12.61 19.22
GRADE INDEX OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS AND % IMPROVEMENT OVER CONTROL (kg/ha) Treatments T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) Mean GRADE INDEX (kg/ha) 2004-05 849 937 954 962 990 709 900 2005-06 973 1028 1076 1042 1102 834 1009 2006-07 834 874 888 879 909 780 861 Mean 885 946 973 961 1000 774 923 % IMPROVEMENT 2004-05 19.8 32.3 34.6 35.7 39.6 2005-06 16.7 23.3 29.0 24.9 32.1 2006-07 6.9 12.0 13.8 12.7 16.5 Mean 14.3 22.2 25.7 24.2 29.2
WITH ONE LIFE SAVING IRRIGATION WITHOUT IRRIGATION
Treatments CHEMICAL QUALITY CHARACTERS OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS POOLED DATA 2004-05 TO 2006-07 T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) SEASONS 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 MEAN Nicotine (%) 2.34 2.32 2.33 2.13 2.28 2.62 2.56 2.33 2.11 2.33 R.Sugars (%) 10.25 9.94 10.28 9.99 10.30 9.62 9.78 11.10 9.30 10.06 Chlorides (%) 0.28 0.23 0.28 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.28 Nicotine:R.Sugars 4.38 4.28 4.41 4.69 4.52 3.67 3.82 4.76 4.41 4.32
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION ON YIELDS AND ECONOMICS OF FCV TOBACCO (2007-08) Treatment Green Cured Bright Bright Grade leaf leaf leaf leaf (%) index Control ( No irrigation) 6472 1002 550 55.1 870 One irrigation 7882 1183 652 54.5 1033 % Improvement 20.8 19.1 18.5 18.7 Addl. yield of Cured leaf kg/ha 181 Gross returns @ Rs.84/-kg Rs. Expenditure on Irrigation etc., Rs. Net return Rs. 15,200 10,204/- 5,000/-
WATER HARVESTING AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION POSSIBILITIES FOR ALFISOLS * AVERAGE ANNUAL RAIN FALL : 1046mm * EXPECTED RUNOFF : 15 % * NUMBER OF FILLINGS : 3 * QUANTITY OF WATER HARVESTED /1.5 ha : 645m 3 * SEEPAGE & EVAPORATION LOSSES : 33.33% * DEPTH OF LIFE SAVING IRRIGATION : 40 mm * AREA COVERED BY FLOOD IRRIGATION : 1.0 ha * AREA COVERED BY FURROW / SPRINKLER SYSTEM : 1.2ha * IMPROVEMENT IN YIELD : 240 kg/ha * ADDITIONAL GROSS RETURNS @Rs.84/- kg leaf : Rs.20,160/- * ADDITIONAL NET RETURNS : Rs. 15,160/- Payback: 2 years for unlined and 5-7 years for lined ponds