Comparative Live Cycle Assessment of multiple bioenergy technologies based on the feedstock wheat straw Celia Bee Hong Chua Johannes Lindorfer Presentation on the 12th of February 2010 11. Symposium Energieinnovation Energieinstitut an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz
Background o o o Lignocellulose biomass: potential for biorefining Avoid food versus fuel dilemma Biomass conversion technologies: Direct combustion Thermo-chemical (example: Gasification) Bio-chemical i (example: Fermentation) ti Physico-chemical (example: Fischer-Tropsch) 2
Bioenergy diversification of feedstock required Wheat: US No.2 Hard Red Winter Prd. Prot.1 Maize: US No.2 Yellow Sorghum: US No.2 Yellow Source: own representation, FAO (2008), Crop Prospects and Food Situation, No.4 November 2009. International development of selected grain prices Complex structures and interferences in utilisation Ecologic, economic, technical, social criterias 3
The method of choice Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition according ISO 14040/14044 Goal and scope definition: aim & scope of the study process units system boundaries assessed flows Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Inventory analysis: data collection data validation assignment to processes allokation Impact assessment: effect model impact categories Source: own representation according ISO 14000 ff Interpretation: Evaluation der Ergebnisse Analyse der Ergebnisse 4
Aim & Scope o Comparative study of bioelectricity, bioheat and biofuel production from wheat straw in terms of environmental performance o Functional unit: 1 TJ (lower heating value) of dry wheat straw 5
System Boundaries Source: own representation 6
Inventory analysis Basic framework Life cycle inventory of wheat straw generation & provision not included Process of construction of buildings and machinery not included Allocation based on net calorific value Germany as regional system boundary Main inventory data source: Global Emission Model for Integrated System (GEMIS) version 4.5 7
Systems Description Type of conversion Description Products Category Wheat straw to bioelectricity and bioheat Direct combustion Bioenergy Wheat straw to bioheat Gasification + combustion Bioenergy Wheat straw to Hydrolysis y + Fermentation + bioethanol Distillation Biofuel Wheat straw to biogas Gasification Bioenergy/ Biofuel Wheat straw to Fisher Tropsch diesel Gasification + Fisher Tropsch Biofuel 8
Impact Assessment methodology cause effect Centrum voor Millieukunden Leiden (CML) 2001 Impact categories: o Ozone layer Depletion Potential (ODP) o Abiotic Depletion (ADP) o Global Warming Potential 100 years (GWP 100years ) o Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential (POCP) o Acidification Potential (AP) o Eutrophication Potential (EP) o Radioactive Radiation (RAD) 9
Results & Discussion i (1) CML2001, Exp perts IKP (Central Europ pe) 110,000 105,000 100,000 95,000 90,000 85,000 80,000 75,000 70,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Fisher Tropsch diesel Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Biomethane CML2001, Abiotic Depletion (ADP) [kg Sb-Equiv.] CML2001, Acidification Potential (AP) [kg SO2-Equiv.] CML2001, Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.] CML2001, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.] CML2001, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.] CML2001, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.] CML2001, Radioactive Radiation (RAD) [DALY] Source: own representation Environmental performance of biomass conversion technologies before normalisation 10
Results & Discussion (2) 2.8e-7 2.6e-7 2.4e-7 CM L2001, Experts IKP (Ce entral Europe) 2.2e-7 2.0e-7 1.8e-7 1.6e-7 1.4e-7 1.2e-7 1.0e-7 0.8e-7 0.6e-7 0.4e-7 0.2e-7 00e7 0.0e-7 CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Fisher Tropsch diesel Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation Biomethane CML2001, Abiotic Depletion (ADP) CML2001, Eutrophication Potential (EP) CML2001, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) CML2001, Radioactive Radiation (RAD) CML2001, Acidification Potential (AP) CML2001, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) CML2001, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) Source: own representation Environmental performance of biomass conversion technologies (after normalization using CML2001, Germany) 11
Results & Discussion (3) CML2001, Radioactive Radiation (RAD) CML2001, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) 4 CML2001, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) CML2001, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) 3 CML2001, Eutrophication o Potential t (EP) 2 CML2001, Acidification Potential (AP) 1 CML2001, Abiotic Depletion (ADP) 0.0e-7 0.2e-7 0.4e-7 0.6e-7 0.8e-7 1.0e-7 1.2e-7 1.4e-7 CML2001, Experts IKP (Central Europe) 1.6e-7 1.8e-7 2.0e-7 2.2e-7 CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation Fisher Tropsch diesel Biomethane Source: own representation Impact categories contribution (after normalization using CML2001, Germany) 12
Results & Discussion (4) /1 TJ wheat straw) CML2001 GWP 100 0 years (kg CO2-Equiv./ 11,000 10,500 10,000 9,500 9,000 8,500 8,000 7,500 7000 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Fisher Tropsch diesel Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Biomethane Carbon dioxide VOC (unspecified) Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) Sulphur hexafluoride Methane Source: own representation Contribution analysis for GWP 100 years 13
Results & Discussion (5) 300 280 260 (kg SO2-Equiv./1 TJ wheat straw) CML2001 (AP) 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation Fisher Tropsch diesel Biomethane Source: own representation Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxides Sulphur dioxide Contribution analysis for Acidification potential 14
Results & Discussion (6) sphate-equiv.] CML2 2001, Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phos 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CHP-electricity & heat biogas-heat Hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation Fisher Tropsch diesel Biomethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxides Source: own representation Contribution analysis for Eutrophication potential 15
Chances and potential of energy recovery from wheat straw in Europe Source: own representation, based on data from http://faostat.fao.org, for the year 2008 Profile of wheat straw quantities in the countries of the European Union 16
Biomass utilisation potential for improvement pasture land agricultural crop harvest animal production Food products forestry harvest CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY consumption primary residues tertiary residues secondary residues energy crop biomass feedstock Source: own representation energy conversion 17
Conclusion o Bioenergy and bioheat production seems to dominate the impact categories of Acidification and Eutrophication while biofuel production seems to dominate the impact categories of Global warming potential. o Other biomass conversion technologies producing biomaterials and/or biochemicals added in future studies. o Expansion of system boundaries to resource provision and utilization phases o comparative LCCA Life Cycle Cost Analysis 18
Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit! Kontakt Johannes Lindorfer Energieinstitut an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Tel: +43 70 2468 5653 Fax: + 43 70 2468 5651 e-mail: lindorfer@energieinstitut-linz.at 19