Characterization and assessment of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant wastewaters

Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 DOI 10.1007/s10661-007-9763-6 Characterization and assessment of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant wastewaters Ayça N. Tekeli Ayla Arslan Received: 18 September 2006 / Accepted: 11 April 2007 / Published online: 14 June 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract We investigated conventional characterization of wastewaters of the Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant. In the study of conventional characterization; 23 composite samples, which were taken during 10 months, were used and analysed as COD, BOD 5, TKN, NH 3 N, SS, VSS, TP, RP, TS, Alkalinity, oil and grease, detergent, chloride parameters. For determine of the plant efficiency, 8 output grab samples were taken. The COD and BOD 5 values of influent, respectively, ranging from 37 to 1,056 mg/l and 8 to 140 mg/l in total wastewater. The meanly BOD 5 /COD ratio was calculated as 0.34 in total wastewaters. Keywords Domestic wastewater. Conventional characterization. COD. BOD 5. BOD 5 /COD Alternate e-mail for Ayça N. Tekeli: tekeliayca@yahoo.com. A. Arslan Environmental Engineering Department, University of Kocaeli, 41040 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey Present address: A. N. Tekeli (*) Environmental Engineering Department, University of Kocaeli, 41040 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey e-mail: atekeli@kou.edu.tr Nomenclature COD Chemical oxygen demand (mg/l) BOD 5 Biological oxygen demand (mg/l) TKN Total kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/l) NH 3 N Ammonia nitrogen (mg/l) SS Suspended solids (mg/l) VSS Volatile suspended solids (mg/l) TP Total phosphorus (mg/l) RP Reactive phosphorus (mg/l) TS Total solids (mg/l) Introduction Wastewater concentration depends on its original concentration and aim to use of water before become polluted. Condition of climate, life standard and culture effect seriously wastewater characterization. Wastewater characterization has shown variability not only from city to city, but also for each allocation unit; from climate to climate, also from hour to hour. In the past, domestic wastewater treatment was basically confined to organic carbon removal. In recent years, increasing pollution in the receiving waters and more stringent effluent limitations for discharges to sensitive zones have been the driving force in developing and implementing new treatment techniques to control, in addition to carbon, other significant parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and priority

192 Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 pollutants. This new approach for wastewater management has greatly affected the concept of wastewater characterization (Orhon et al. 1997). Characterization of wastewater and activated sludge has been used for control and optimization of existing processes and development of new processes. COD as a basis for organic matter measurements has replaced BOD as the primary parameter in wastewater. The important aspect of organic matter characterization is the fractionation due to its rate of degradation (Arslan and Ayberk 2003). Design of an activated sludge process has a significant importance with respect to high treatment efficiencies and constructional and operational costs of plants. Kocaeli Peninsula lies in the northeast of Marmara Region extending east west in east Catalca-Kocaeli region. Izmit is known the same name with bay and this allocation unit lies in the northeast of bay. Kocaeli city has a highest share percapita. Dense population and industrialization cause of serious environmental problem in Kocaeli. For this reason Izmit Bay is to get polluted from day to day. Due to increase of nutrient, domestic wastewater must discharge after treatment to Izmit Bay. The project of waste treatment of Izmit Bay has begun to be conducted by Bank of Cities due to the increasing nutrients in Izmit Bay. Six treatment plants were built within the project. Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant is one of these plants and has begun to operate in August 2003. Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant works with extended aeration activated sludge system which biologically treats compounds of carbon and nitrogen in raw domestic wastewaters. The design parameters of plant are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Design parameters of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Flow 62 544 m 3 /gün Influent BOD 5 288 mg/l Influent total nitrogen 48 mg/l Influent total Phosphorus 19 mg/l Remove of nitrogen >%40 Effluent BOD 5 <20 mg/l Effluent SS <20 mg/l F/M 0.15 0.20 Units of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant are; Coarse screen Fine screen Grit chamber Denitrification Oxidation Secondary sedimentation tank Sludge removal (Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant s Report 2005). Materials and methods In the study of conventional characterization; 23 composite samples as 24 hourly were taken from influent and eight grab samples were taken from the effluent of the treatment plant. In this experimental study; COD, BOD 5, TKN, NH 3 N, SS, VSS, TP, RP, Alkalinity, Oil and grease, Anionic detergent, TS, Chloride and ph parameters were analysed. Analyses were carried out on raw, settled and filtered samples. The raw wastewater is used as total wastewater. Evaluations of the characteristics of settled sewage were made on the supernatant of cylindrical settling column after a holding time of 2 h. The filtrated wastewater samples were prepared as the filtrate through Millipore AP 40 filters which were also used to assess SS and VSS parameters. All analyses were performed in accordance with Standard Methods (APHA et al. 1995). Experimental results Experimental results on conventional characterization of influent wastewaters are outlined in Table 2 and the results of effluent are summarized in Table 3. The results of characterization study of influent in total wastewater as average values were, respectively; 212 mg COD/L, 55 mg BOD 5 /L, 19 mg TKN/L, 13 mg NH 3 N/L, 82 mg SS/L, 63 mg VSS/L, 1.12 mg TP/L, 0.78 mg RP/L, 579 mg TS/L, 287 mg CaCO 3 / L, 87 mg Oil grease/l, 2.08 mg Detergent/L and 0.08 mg Cl /L. In settled wastewaters average values of these parameters were, respectively; 158 mg COD/L, 31 mg BOD 5 /L, 18 mg TKN/L, 12 mg NH 3 N/L, 31

Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 193 Table 2 The characterization of influents for Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Sampling Time ph COD, mg/l BOD 5, mg/l TKN, mg/l NH3 N, mg/l Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated 18.10.04 7,87 246,00 147,00 88,00 52,00 36,00 34,00 40,00 36,00 34,00 24,00 22,00 21,00 25.10.04 7,57 300,00 213,00 149,00 140,00 85,00 41,00 37,00 31,00 28,00 25,00 24,00 22,00 01.11.04 7,48 201,00 141,00 84,00 91,00 66,00 32,00 47,00 46,00 45,00 29,00 28,00 26,00 22.11.04 7,34 137,00 87,00 62,00 55,00 30,00 10,00 37,00 36,00 34,00 21,00 20,00 19,00 29.11.04 7,33 93,00 81,00 52,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 13,00 11,00 10,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 13.12.04 7,37 170,00 113,00 67,00 57,00 35,00 15,00 15,00 14,00 13,00 10,00 9,00 8,00 20.12.04 7,39 162,00 127,00 85,00 80,00 55,00 25,00 17,00 15,00 14,00 12,00 11,00 10,00 27.12.04 7,70 212,00 143,00 80,00 80,00 55,00 20,00 23,00 21,00 19,00 16,00 15,00 14,00 03.01.05 7,57 195,00 92,00 50,00 90,00 30,00 10,00 22,00 19,00 18,00 16,00 15,00 14,00 31.01.05 7,17 37,00 35,00 22,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 07.02.05 7,08 58,00 42,00 33,00 12,00 10,00 5,00 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 21.02.05 7,29 70,00 55,00 37,00 20,00 15,00 5,00 12,00 11,00 10,00 9,00 8,00 7,00 28.02.05 7,29 150,00 78,00 38,00 16,00 15,00 12,00 12,00 11,00 10,00 14.03.05 7,47 51,00 50,00 27,00 8,00 4,00 2,00 11,00 10,00 9,00 7,06 6,94 6,72 21.03.05 7,61 80,00 66,00 29,00 26,00 18,00 4,00 14,00 13,00 12,00 11,00 10,00 9,00 28.03.05 7,61 145,00 93,00 58,00 84,00 24,00 8,00 22,00 17,00 16,00 15,00 14,00 13,00 18.04.05 7,58 466,00 413,00 356,00 52,00 28,00 14,00 19,00 18,00 16,00 14,00 13,00 12,00 25.04.05 7,42 49,00 28,00 20,00 24,00 16,00 8,00 11,00 10,00 8,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 02.05.05 7,61 149,00 107,00 62,00 66,00 38,00 12,00 18,00 17,00 13,00 14,00 13,00 11,00 09.05.05 7,44 111,00 83,00 51,00 58,00 28,00 12,00 13,00 12,00 11,00 12,00 11,00 9,00 13.06.05 7,27 101,00 74,00 48,00 35,00 20,00 10,00 12,00 11,00 10,00 9,00 8,00 7,00 04.07.05 7,62 1056,00 800,00 672,00 77,00 45,00 21,00 22,00 20,00 19,00 17,00 16,00 15,00 18.07.05 7,61 634,00 570,00 470,00 82,00 26,00 20,00... 9,00 8,00 7,00 Std. Dev. 0,1845 230,37 187,21 162,20 33,72 20,11 10,66 10,96 10,36 10,18 6,44 6,33 6,12 Average 7,46 212,00 158,00 115,00 55,00 31,00 14,00 19,00 18,00 17,00 13,00 12,00 11,00 Range 7,08-7,87 37,00-1056,00 28,00-800,00 20,00-672,00 8,00-4,00-85,00 2,00-41,00 6,00-47,00 5,00-46,00 4,00-45,00 4,00-29,00 3,00-28,00 2,00-26,00 140,00

194 Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 Table 2 (Continued) SS, mg/l VSS, mg/l TP, mg/l RP, mg/l TS, mg/l Alkalinity, mg/l CaCO 3 Oil and grease, mg/l Detergent, mg/l Cl, mg/l Total Settled Total Settled Total Total 122,00 68,00 115,00 39,00 2,00 1,33 1270,00 280,00 104,00 0,10 144,00 64,00 127,00 52,00 2,53 1,84 742,00 283,00 100,00 0,10 93,00 51,00 87,00 40,00 1,74 1,33 552,00 275,00 85,00 0,10 95,00 29,00 81,00 28,00 1,05 0,69 576,00 244,00 84,00 0,10 53,00 19,00 48,00 16,00 1,09 0,72 546,00 242,00 32,00 0,10 63,00 30,00 41,00 26,00 1,16 0,79 578,00 250,00 88,00 0,10 72,00 36,00 60,00 34,00 1,41 1,13 544,00 217,00 72,00 0,10 100,00 39,00 84,00 37,00 1,40 0,94 602,00 218,00 67,00 0,10 180,00 41,00 123,00 34,00 1,07 0,72 594,00 350,00 76,00 0,10 96,00 27,00 39,00 15,00 0,53 0,18 404,00 230,00 22,00 0,10 55,00 21,00 27,00 15,00 0,30 0,23 564,00 290,00 50,00 0,10 48,00 18,00 27,00 17,00 0,72 0,43 520,00 330,00 88,00 0,10 119,00 33,00 72,00 28,00 1,06 0,69 602,00 330,00 76,00 2,94 0,10 35,00 12,00 23,00 10,00 0,43 0,27 536,00 332,00 336,00 0,67 0,00 48,00 19,00 41,00 14,00 0,77 0,51 494,00 315,00 20,00 1,33 0,10 97,00 22,00 84,00 20,00 1,21 0,87 570,00 330,00 26,00 1,89 0,00 64,00 26,00 56,00 22,00 1,06 0,92 476,00 325,00 62,00 3,10 0,00 49,00 18,00 36,00 17,00 0,52 0,48 488,00 325,00 68,00 3,83 0,20 88,00 38,00 64,00 34,00 0,86 0,67 538,00 310,00 140,00 2,44 0,10 71,00 27,00 62,00 24,00 1,35 0,88 588,00 330,00 54,00 2,35 0,10 63,00 22,00 48,00 20,00 0,95 0,57 492,00 262,00 148,00 0,69 0,00 89,00 31,00 82,00 28,00 1,55 1,12 532,00 262,00 126,00 2,26 0,00 49,00 14,00 32,00 7,00 0,99 0,56 520,00 265,00 74,00 1,37 0,00 35,08 14,61 30,57 11,09 0,51 0,39 163,18 41,39 64,13 1,01 0,05 82,00 31,00 63,00 25,00 1,12 0,78 579,00 287,00 87,00 2,08 0,08 35,00 180,00 12,00 68,00 23,00 127,00 7,00 52,00 0,30 2,53 0,18 1,84 404,00 1270,00 217,00 350,00 20,00 336,00 0,67 3,83 0,00 0,20 ( ): not analysed

Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 195 Table 3 The characterization of effluent for Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Dates ph COD (mg/l) BOD 5, (mg/l) TKN (mg/l) NH 3 N (mg/l) SS (mg/l) TP, (mg/l) Total Settled Filtrated Total Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Total Total 28.02.05 7,65 27,00 26,00 22,00 4,26 3,36 3,02 2,58 2,41 2,18 27,9 2,75 0,81 0,56 14.03.05 7,86 41,00 27,00 25,00 0,00 9,63 8,18 6,83 6,00 5,00 4,00 4,55 3,00 0,19 0,19 21.03.05 7,9 22,00 20,00 19,00 1,00 3,81 2,80 2,24 1,01 0,84 0,73 13,4 4,75 0,52 0,49 28.03.05 7,82 11,00 9,00 8,00 6,00 2,80 2,35 1,68 1,34 1,06 0,84 9,75 2,55 0,63 0,60 18.04.05 7,62 24,00 22,00 20,00 0,00 6,50 6,27 6,05 6,16 6,10 5,82 16,05 3,50 0,50 0,57 25.04.05 7,77 25,00 24,00 17,00 3,00 4,59 4,33 3,92 1,51 1,29 1,06 6,05 2,05 0,49 0,46 02.05.05 7,94 18,00 17,00 9,00 0,00 3,36 2,24 1,46 1,46 1,12 0,90 10,5 4,75 0,12 0,35 09.05.05 7,55 23,00 10,00 9,00 5,00 2,46 1,79 1,23 2,24 1,68 1,12 15,3 1,75 0,55 0,45 Std. Dev. 0,14 8,53 6,89 6,60 2,54 2,36 2,24 2,13 2,09 2,00 1,87 7,30 1,13 0,22 0,14 Average 7,76 23,88 19,38 16,13 2,14 4,68 3,92 3,30 2,79 2,44 2,08 12,94 3,14 0,48 0,46 Range 7,55 7,94 ( ): not analysed 11,00 41,00 9,00 27,00 8,00 25,00 0,00 6,00 2,46 9,63 1,79 8,18 1,23 6,83 1,01 7,06 0,84 6,94 0,73 6,72 4,55 27,90 1,75 4,75 0,12 0,81 RP, (mg/l) 0,19 0,60 mg SS/L and 25 mg VSS/L. In filtrated wastewaters average values of these parameters were 115 mg COD/L, 14 mg BOD 5 /L, 17 mg TKN/L and 11 mg NH 3 N/L. Results of characterization study of effluent samples in total wastewater average values were, respectively, 23.88 mg COD/L, 2.14 mg BOD 5 /L, 4.68 mg TKN/L, 2.79 mg NH 3 N/L, 12.94 mg SS/L, 0.48 mg TP/L, 0.46 mg RP/L. COD, TKN and NH 3 N parameters were analysed in settled and filtrated wastewater for characterization study. In settled wastewaters average values of these parameters were, respectively; 19.38 mg COD/L, 3.92 mg TKN/L, 2.44 mg NH 3 N/L, 3.14 mg SS/L and in filtrated wastewater average values; 16.13 mg COD/L, 3.30 mg TKN/L and 2.08 mg NH 3 N/L. The changing of COD, BOD 5, TKN, SS, VSS, TP and RP parameters by the time for total, settled and filtrated wastewaters are illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Results and discussion The results of conventional characterization study of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant wastewaters show that the characteristics of wastewater is varying in a wide range. For the average values; 54% of total COD, 25% of BOD 5, 89% of TKN and 92% of NH 3 N are soluble form. Fourteen percent SS of TS and 77% of SS are volatile form. Seventy percent of TP is reactive phosphorus. Evaluate of NH 3 N fraction of TKN for total, settled and filtrated wastewaters, respectively; 68, 67 and 70% of TKN are NH 3 N forms. Twenty- Fig. 1 COD profiles versus time for total, settled and filtrated wastewaters

196 Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 Fig. 2 BOD 5 profiles versus time for total, settled and filtrated wastewaters Fig. 3 TKN profiles versus time for total settled and filtrated wastewaters Fig. 4 SS profiles versus time for total and settled wastewaters

Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 197 Fig. 5 VSS profiles versus time for total and settled wastewaters Fig. 6 TP and RP profiles versus time for total wastewaters four percent of SS is non-biodegradable character. BOD 5 /COD, BOD 5 /N, COD/N and VSS/SS ratios of influent as on average values are shown in Table 4. BOD 5 /COD ratio values were found to vary in the range of 0.07 0.58, 0.05 0.57 and 0.03 0.40 for total, settled and filtrated wastewater, respectively. The average values of this ratio were 0.34, 0.28 and 0.20, respectively. Thus, the biodegradability of Kullar Domestic Wastewaters has been considered to be low. This ratio was given as 0.60 for raw domestic wastewater by (Íleri 2000). In this study, TKN/COD ratio according to the average values of total and settled sewage was 0.09 and 0.11, respectively, and also relevant with the data were given by (Rössle and Pretorius 2001). Concentrations of raw domestic wastewater components were classified weak, middle and strong by (Metcalf and Eddy 2003). The results of our study were compared with that classification. According to the average values for total wastewater of Kullar Domestic Wastewaters, COD, BOD 5, TKN, SS, TP and Cl parameters were weak; NH 3 N, TS and Oil Table 4 BOD 5 /COD, BOD 5 /N, COD/N, VSS/SS ratios for influent BOD 5 /COD BOD 5 /N COD/N VSS/SS Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled Filtrated Total Settled 0.34 0.28 0.20 2.73 1.76 0.86 9.82 8.00 6.16 0.76 0.83

198 Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 Table 5 Cooperation wastewater characterization with literature data Parameters (mg/l) This Study Orhon et al. 1997 Average Standard Range Average Standard Range COD Total 212,00 230,37 37,00 1,056,00 410,00 110,00 220 775 Settled 158,00 187,21 28,00 800,00 300,00 60,00 230 525 Filtrated 115,00 162,20 20,00 672,00 140,00 30,00 85 210 BOD 5 Total 55,00 33,72 8,00 140,00 180,00 42,00 73 410 Settled 31,00 20,11 4,00 85,00 145,00 33,00 100 200 Filtrated 14,00 10,66 2,00 41,00 68,00 14,00 43 170 TKN Total 19,00 10,96 6,00 46,00 43,00 8,50 22 73 Settled 18,00 10,36 5,00 46,00 41,00 7,50 18 64 Filtrated 17,00 10,18 5,00 45,00 38,00 7,50 8 57 TP Total 1,12 0,51 0,30 2,53 7,20 2,00 5 15 SS Total 82,00 35,08 35,00 180,00 210,00 105,00 85 930 Settled 31,00 14,61 12,00 68,00 115,00 15,00 95 132 VSS Total 63,00 30,57 23,00 127,00 145,00 38,00 100 395 Settled 25,00 11,09 7,00 52,00 98,00 13,00 75 120 grease parameters were middle in concentration and alkalinity concentration was strong. The results of our study were compared with data previously reported in the literature for domestic wastewaters (Table 5). Average values of the domestic wastewater characterization parameters of Ízmit were lower than that of Ístanbul, but in a wide range without TKN. On the other hand the values of TKN for total, settled and filtrated wastewater were in a narrow range. At the inlet of the Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant, the flow of wastewater is observed within the range of 24.820 47.730 m 3 /day. In sampling days, 2004.11.22, 2005.02.07 and 2005.07.04 dates were putted on file as the weather was rainy. The values of flow rate were 42,460, 47,730 and 41,630 m 3 /day, respectively, in these dates. The removal efficiencies of COD and TKN parameters were evaluated according to the effluent values obtained from the plant. The removal efficiencies are illustrated in Fig. 7. In total wastewaters the removal efficiency based on the average values were 78, 95, 67, 81, 82, 45 and 28% for COD, BOD 5, TKN, NH 3 N, SS, TP and RP parameters. According to the experimental results in settled and filtrated wastewater, the removal efficiency of COD, TKN and NH 3 N were calculated, respectively, 69, 69, 75 and 56, 71, 77% as an average values. Fig. 7 The removal efficiencies of COD and TKN Removal Efficiencies (%) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 COD TKN 2005-05-28 2005-05-08 2005-04-18 2005-03-29 2005-03-09 2005-02-17 2005-01-28 2005-01-08 2004-12-19 2004-11-29 2004-11-09 2004-10-20 2004-09-30 Time (Day)

Environ Monit Assess (2008) 138:191 199 199 Conclusions The aim of this study is to demonstrate the characterization of wastewater of Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant which is one of the six domestic wastewater treatment plants in Kocaeli. This study will be the initial step for determination of general characterization of domestic wastewaters of Kocaeli. Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant was projected for minimum 93% BOD 5 and 40% nitrogen removal. The removal efficiency which was considered at design was achieved. According to the results of characterization study, BOD 5 values of influent were lower than 100 mg/l in seven differential sampling due to dilution in winter. It should also be noted that the influent COD concentration affected the removal efficiency of COD. References APHA, AWWA, WEF (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (19th edn). Washington, D.C: American Public Health Association. Arslan, A., Ayberk, S. (2003). Characterisation and biological treatability of Izmit industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plant wastewaters. Water SA, 29(4), 451 456. Íleri, R. (2000). Çevre Biyoteknolojisi. Değişim Yayínlarí, (pp. 160). Adapazarí. Kullar Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant s Report (2005). Kocaeli. Metcalf, Eddy (2003). Wastewater engineering: Treatment, disposal and reuse. McGraw-Hill International Editions Civil Engineering Series (pp. 47 113). Orhon, D., Ateş, E., Sözen, S., Çokgör, E. U. (1997). Characterisation and COD fractionation of domestic wastewaters. Environmental Pollution, 95(2), 191 204. Rössle, W. H., Pretorius, W. A. (2001). A review of characterisation requirements for in-line prefermenters. Paper 1: Wastewater characterisation. Water SA, 27(3), 405 412.