CANARYSEED AGRONOMY in 2018 W.E. May Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Indian Head, SK
Seeding Date and Seeding Rate
Canaryseed Yield Response 1400 to Seeding Date 1200 Yield (lbs/acre) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Early May Mid May Early June Mid June
1500 Group I Seeding Date Group II Grain Yield (kg/ha) 1300 1100 900 700 0 45 15 30 500 Group IV 40 50 60 70 CV (%) Group I: High mean, low variability (optimal) Group II: High mean, high variability Group III: Low mean, high variability (poor) Group IV: Low mean, low variability Group III
Seeding Date Caused Yield Variability 13 site years 1 st seeding Date had highest yield at 6 sites 2nd seeding had highest yield at 3 sites 3 sites did not respond to seeding date
Canaryseed Yield Response Yield (lbs/acre) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 to Seeding Rate 13 22 31 40 49 Seeding Rate (lbs/acre)
Seeding Rates 1700 Group I Group II Grain Yield (kg/ha) 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 Group IV Group I: High mean, low variability (optimal) Group II: High mean, high variability Group III: Low mean, high variability (poor) Group IV: Low mean, low variability 55 45 2535 35 40 45 50 55 CV (%) 15 Group III
Control of Wild Oats and Green Foxtail Avadex is registered for control of wild oat rotate out of Group 1 and 2 herbicides Fall application in no-till No registered product to control green foxtail Puma Super is an Unregistered product potential crop damage application window is narrow
Broadleaf Weed Control Registered Curtail M, Trophy Prestige Buctril M Dicamba + MCPA amine Dicamba + MCPA + mecoprop Target or Sword
Broadleaf Weed Control Avoid 2,4-D mixes Refine extra no visible damage Frontline florasulam delays development
Fertility Management
Chloride in Canaryseed Response to Chloride not Potassium Use potash to provide chloride
No Chloride Chloride
Chloride and Grain yield Yield Grain Yield Yield (lbs/acre) 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 b a a a b b b a a a 0K-0Cl 10K-9.1Cl 20K-18.2Cl 30K-27.3Cl 10K-0Cl 20K-0Cl 30K-0Cl 0K-9.1Cl 0K-18.2Cl 0K-27.3Cl
The response of annual canarygrass to chloride at individual sites and years. Year Site Yield increase Residual Cl in soil (kg ha -1 ) (kg ha -1 ) 0-15 cm 2008 CTK loam 644 38 2008 CTK ellisboro 443 40 2009 CTK ellisboro 354 63 2009 CTK loam 233 64 2009 IH 228 64 2009 Regina Plain 133 73 2008 IH 123 81 Any yield increase above 113 kg ha -1 was significant
Vale valley Cultivars and KCL, 2008 Grain Yield (lbs/acre) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 20 0 CDC Bastia CDC Togo Cantate Keet
Halford, Oxbow loam Cultivars and KCL, 2008 2500 Grain Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 20 0 CDC Bastia CDC Togo Cantate Keet
Halford, Oxbow loam Cultivars and KCL, 2009 Grain Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 CDC Bastia CDC Togo Cantate Keet 0 20
Macro and Micro Nutrient Trial Nutrients Treatments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 N 0 15 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 90 60 60 P 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 CL 18 18 18 18 18 0 18 18 18 18 S 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cu 3 Zinc 3 Cu, Z, Mg, B Yes Yes KCL broadcast 18 CaCl broadcast 18
Locations Indian Head Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation Swift Current - Wheatland Conservation Association Redvers South East Research Farm Yorkton East Central Research Foundation Melfort Melfort Research Farm Scott Scott Research Farm
Funding ADF Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Canaryseed Development Commission of Saskatchewan
Grain Yield (lb/acre) 1600 Indian Head - 2014 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 N 0 15 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 90 P 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 CL 18 18 18 18 18 0 18 18 18 18 S 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cu 3 Zin c 3
Grain Yield (lb/acre) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Low Area Higher Elevation 600 400 200 0 N 60 60 60 60 P 30 30 30 30 CL 18 0 18 0 S 15 15 15 15
Grain Yield (lb/acre) Swift Current - 2017 800 700 600 d ab bc a ab ab a a a a a cd ab 500 400 300 200 100 0 N 0 15 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 90 60 60 P 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 CL 18 18 18 18 18 0 18 18 18 18 KCl CaC l S 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cu 3 Zin 3
Grain Yield (lb/acre) Melfort - 2017 1200 abc bc bc abc ab ab abc a abc abc 1000 800 d c d 600 400 200 0 N 0 15 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 90 60 60 P 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 CL 18 18 18 18 18 0 18 18 18 18 KCl CaC l S 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cu 3 Zin 3
Overall Results Chloride: response at 7 out of 19 Phosphate: response at 1 or 2 out of 19 Zinc: response at 1 out of 19 locations
Canaryseed Yield Response to Yield (lbs/acre) Nitrogen Rate 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 18 36 53 71 89 Nitrogen (lbs/acre)
Nitrogen Rates Not Causing Yield Variability 12 site years At 5 sites, yield as N At 2 sites, yield as N At 5 sites no response
Nitrogen Response split application 2005 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 Indian Head 2005* Indian Head 2005 Linear (Indian Head 2005*)
Canaryseed Yield Response to Yield (lbs/acre) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Nitrogen Rate 0 20 40 60 80 100 Nitrogen (lbs/acre) Poly. (1999-2001) Linear (2012-13)
Canaryseed Yield Response to 2500 Nitrogen Rate Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Nitrogen (lbs/acre) IH 2012 SC 2012 Mel 2012 IH 2013 SC 2013 Mel 2013 Scott 2013 Red 2013 Previous N
Nitrogen Rates and Fungicides 8 site years (2012 and 2013) At 5 sites, yield as N 70 kg/ha At 3 sites no response No interaction with fungicide response
Overall Results N Fertilizer: response at 18 out of 19 siteyears Optimum amount (eyeing the trend) 15 kg/ha 3 out of 19 30 kg/ha 8 out of 19 60 kg/ha 4 out of 19 90 kg/ha 4 out of 19
Septoria Leaf Mottle Nitrogen x Fungicide N Rate (lbs/acre) Fungicide 18 None 36 Stratego 53 71 89
Nitrogen and Fungicides Check Stratego Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 a b IH 2012 NS SC 2012 a b Mel 2012 NS IH 2013 NS SC 2013 NS Mel 2013 NS Scott 2013 NS Red 2013
Nitrogen Response 27 to 54 Lb/acre of actual N is all that is recommended unless growing canaryseed as a forage crop Low N does not mean No N Need enough to even up the field
Septoria Leaf Mottle To spray or not to spray that is the question
Septoria Leaf Mottle and Yield Tilt Check Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 a b a b a b IH 98 IH 99 Melfort 99 a b Melfort 00 Steward V. 99 Steward V. 00
Septoria Leaf Mottle and Yield 2500 Check Tilt Stratego Headline Yield (lbs/acre) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 IH 2004 IH 2005 IH 2006 IH 2007 IH 2008 IH 2009 IH 2010 IH 2011
Septoria Leaf Mottle and Yield Check Tilt Stratego Headline Yield (lbs/acre) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 a a ab b a ab bc c a b b a a b a a a ab b a a a b 0 IH 2008 IH 2009 IH 2010 IH 2011 IH 2012 FS 2008 FS 2009 FS 2010 FS 2011 FS 2012 FS Field Scale Plots
Septoria Leaf Mottle Plot Size (ft) 13 x 35 26 x 35 39 x 35 13 x 70 26 x 70 39 x 70 Test is conducted in Two fields one with no canaryseed and the other with the rest of the field seeded to canaryseed
Fungicide Treatments Check Tilt Twinline Prosaro Prosaro late
Plot Size and Septoria Leaf Mottle Plot Size 2013 2014 2015 In Canaryseed Field In Canaryseed Field In Canaryseed Field No Yes No Yes No Yes Least Significant Difference (kg/ha) 13 x 35 323 136 166 99 311 402 26 x 35 246 104 491 268 251 375 39 x 35 341 84 225 261 193 776 13 x 70 219 109 101 132 191 280 26 x 70 178 114 179 170 185 211 39 x 70 239 141 123 164 242 183
Septoria Leaf Mottle and Yield Check Tilt Twinline Prosaro Prosaro late Yield (lbs/acre) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2013 in 2013 out 2014 in 2014 out 2015 in 2015 out 2016 in 2016 out
Conclusions After three years the 70 ft plot length is producing more consistent results than the 35 ft plots Funding ADF Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture
Aphid Populations in Canaryseed Aphid population (Aphids/head) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6-Jul-14 13-Jul-14 20-Jul-14 27-Jul-14 3-Aug-14 10-Aug-14 17-Aug-14 24-Aug-14 31-Aug-14 7-Sep-14 Date Head Leaf Sheath
Crop Sequences William May, Yantai Gan and Steve Shirtliffe Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Canada
Crop Sequencing of Large acreage crops and special crops First year all eight crops are seeded in strips Second year all eight crops are seeded across the strips set up in the first year Crops: 1) Hemp 2) Wheat 3) Oat 4) Canola 5) Pea 6) Canaryseed 7) Quinoa 8) Coriander
Crop Sequencing of Large acreage crops and special crops
Crop Sequencing of Large acreage crops and special crops First year 2015, 2016, 2017 Second year 2016, 2017, 2018 Locations: 1) Swift Current 2) Saskatoon 3) Indian Head 4) Melfort
Funding 1) Government of Saskatchewan 2) Saskatchewan Wheat Development Commission 3) Western Grains Research Foundation 4) Canaryseed Development Commission of SK 5) Prairie Oat Growers Association 6)Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Agronomics Crop Variety Seeding Rate Estimated field emergence (%) N rate (kg/ha) 1 Wheat Unity (2013) 250 plants/m 2 90 80 2 Oat AAC Justice 300 plants/m 2 90 80 3 Canola L252 75 plants/m 2 60 80 4 Pea Amarillo 80 plants/m 2 80 10 5 Canaryseed Bastia 100 35 kg/ha (Melfort- Calvi) 80 6 Hemp Katani 110 plants/m 2 70 80 7 Quinoa 11 kg/ha 100 80 8 Coriander 33 kg/ha 100 80
Plant Density of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Plant Density (plants m -2 ) Wheat 170 129 79 50 179 38 35 77 Oat 294 221 37 69 177 51 38 127 Canola 214 244 38 63 204 82 41 136 Pea 204 242 56 55 227 62 43 138 Canary 208 230 37 65 183 59 43 138 Hemp 210 246 32 64 239 46 20 130 Quinoa 237 210 49 67 238 75 23 151 Coriander 206 271 35 65 216 81 33 408
Plant Density of Harvested Crop Swift Current 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Plant Density (plants m -2 ) Wheat 148 190 67 65 239 24 29 89 Oat 189 225 87 58 234 36 58 87 Canola 186 233 92 56 216 24 22 84 Pea 192 231 81 54 234 39 15 79 Canary 160 197 76 58 259 23 41 96 Hemp 189 251 68 64 246 10 14 108 Quinoa 218 211 79 72 303 47 22 121 Coriander 215 210 71 62 255 31 41 163
Plant Density of Harvested Crop Saskatoon 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Plant Density (plants m -2 ) Wheat 176 180 54 59 119 100 48 63 Oat 160 188 71 53 121 74 59 43 Canola 114 115 54 82 75 71 45 84 Pea 179 176 69 49 123 77 56 36 Canary 155 172 62 50 130 93 65 27 Hemp 122 135 50 55 34 138 53 57 Quinoa 191 206 57 45 58 97 42 58 Coriander 126 131 56 67 46 97 36 93
Indian Head 2017 Broadleaf stubble
Indian Head 2017 Cereal stubble
Plant Density of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2017 Stubble Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Plant Density (plants m -2 ) Wheat 141 108 47 50 98 63 47 46 Oat 128 134 47 46 101 70 53 45 Canola 120 130 30 46 105 50 12 22 Pea 141 116 49 55 93 59 23 28 Canary 119 122 42 49 91 80 55 43 Hemp 123 115 28 46 75 37 10 11 Quinoa 142 129 46 48 87 45 9 20 Coriander 145 140 41 51 89 54 35 30
Volunteers from Stubble Crop Indian Head 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Volunteer Biomass (g m -2 ) Wheat 0.0e 0.0e 0.4de 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.5de Oat 0.6de 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 4.9bcd 0.0e 0.2de Canola 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.7cde 0.0e Pea 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e Canary 1.0cde 0.0e 0.5de 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 1.5cde Hemp 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 13.0bc Quinoa 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e 0.0e Coriander 1.2 cde 0.0 e 36.1 abc 3.0 cde 0.6 cde 94.6 ab 183.3 a
Volunteers from Stubble Crop Swift Current 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Volunteer Biomass (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 9.7h 0.0h 5.4h 0.4h 8.5h 74.6fgh 6.2h 0.0h Oat 7.4h 0.0h 0.0h 0.7h 0.0h 1.9h 0.0h 0.0h Canola 0.4 h 1.6 h 428.9 bc 4.8 h 0.7 h 285.8 cde 1220 a 1277.5 a Pea 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h Canary 0.2h 0.0h 0.1h 0.8h 4.5h 12.6h 0.0h 0.0h Hemp 0.0 h 0.0 h 0.0 h 6.7 h 7.9 h 0.0 e-h 159.4 e-h 183.8 d-g Quinoa 0.2h 0.0h 0.7h 0.0h 0.0h 0.0h 3.4h 15.8h Coriander 42.5 gh 22.0 gh 43.9 gh 43.9 gh 46.9 gh 343.5 b 457.5 b 224.5 def
Volunteers from Stubble Crop Indian Head 2017 Stubble Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Volunteer Biomass (Kg ha -1 ) Wheat 21de 18de 24de 17de 42de 62de 23de 47 de Oat 4de 87de 28de 18de 96de 145cde 281bcd 164 cde Canola 0de 3de 261cde 15de 16de 518b 1119a 410 bc Pea 0de 0de 0de 3de 8de 0de 0de 0de Canary 0de 16de -7e 10de 55de 16de 38de 90 de Hemp 0de 7de 1de 0de 0de 14de 79de 49 de Quinoa 2de 2de 60de 10de 0de 269b-e 128de 84 de Coriander 0de 0de 40de -3de 15de 178cde 86de 208 cde
Biomass of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Crop Biomass (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 15447 21019 17545 13983 15281 6255 5543 Oat 19945 20550 20414 11954 9856 9348 4420 Canola 16501 16423 14666 11514 14754 7816 5660 Pea 20892 20150 18765 8743 12110 12402 6616 Canary 17086 16745 15671 9885 12159 8207 5923 Hemp 18735 16735 24942 a 13398 14588 9046 5338 Quinoa 16852 19926 17603 18140 17340 7572 6118 Coriander 15281 17603 16745 10988 10587 15906 2742 b
Grain Yield of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Grain Yield (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 3216 c 5551 ab 2025 def 2120 de 1571 gh 627 lm 123 op Oat 3283c 5147b 2100de 2112de 1328hij 663lm 97p Canola 3579 c 5562 ab 1891 efg 1904 d-g 1553 gh 699 l 253 n Pea 3648c 5727ab 2274de 1142jk 1363hij 897kl 214no Canary 3581 c 5149 b 2148 de 1677 fgh 849 l 658 lm 124 op Hemp 3647 c 6104 a 2136 de 1915 d-g 1224 ij 716 l 224 no Quinoa 3639c 6020a 2288d 2066de 1454hij 646lm 129op Coriander 3453 c 5706 ab 1516 hi 2006 def 1427 hij 476 m 13 q
Biomass of Harvested Crop Swift Current 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Crop Biomass (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 1044 1198 970 684 815 361 716 576 Oat 1155 1479 1189 538 1524 229 339 200 Canola 1309 1371 700 378 1015 454 294 101 Pea 1323 1338 1198 550 1204 516 449 555 Canary 901 1471 761 463 714 367 403 184 Hemp 1370 1800 1405 619 911 350 374 374 Quinoa 1689 1709 1421 568 1354 493 462 413 Coriander 1494 1565 1018 561 960 270 365 269
Grain Yield of Harvested Crop Swift Current 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Grain Yield (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 3838 6183 c 2844 4420 774 653 308 90 Oat 3809 5835 c 2767 4308 677 692 226 99 Canola 3556 6047 c 2625 4456 658 541 117 64 Pea 4147 7006 a 3202 3694 924 960 250 67 Canary 4014 6277 bc 2758 4162 646 788 397 95 Hemp 4167 7032 a 3096 4734 1146 548 165 162 Quinoa 3965 6980 a 2920 4679 1351 710 140 92 Coriander 3867 6760 ab 2957 3685 878 346 84 71
Biomass of Harvested Crop Saskatoon 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Crop Biomass (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 10092 12753 10584 9626 9024 8755 3180 4808 Oat 9725 10053 11832 10112 9711 7836 3057 5402 Canola 10596 11236 13243 13642 8918 6592 2432 2717 Pea 12225 14078 16825 11605 6921 9588 4377 4819 Canary 9732 9186 9638 16473 6673 7094 3726 2995 Hemp 10695 10336 12231 15401 4958 6959 3540 3930 Quinoa 12659 14106 17240 12496 9689 7927 3507 6137 Coriander 8902 9210 9342 10017 6351 6164 1722 6840
Grain Yield of Harvested Crop Saskatoon 2016 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Grain Yield (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 4899 7873 ab 3985 6343 1731 2603 751 Oat 4706 6271 cd 4041 6421 1825 2007 688 Canola 4530 8356 a 3712 6288 1682 2495 791 Pea 4432 8319 a 4952 5021 1313 2619 741 Canary 4326 6850 bc 2731 4835 1134 2674 553 Hemp 4337 7096 bc 3380 5036 1302 2752 904 Quinoa 5316 8895 a 3646 6691 1702 3059 959 Coriander 4104 6478 cd 1921 6031 1612 2127 1336
Biomass of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2017 Stubble Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Crop Biomass (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 12205 11271 12312 8922 7422 3443 3008 Oat 13680 10455 11582 9418 7443 2943 3164 Canola 12488 10103 9111 8143 6758 381 2123 Pea 13713 10164 10742 9004 7238 2328 2234 Canary 14525 10869 10607 9373 7652 3619 2754 Hemp 11594 9975 9500 9000 5443 1209 3016 Quinoa 12553 11328 9881 9787 6049 1902 2406 Coriander 13471 10365 11689 8500 7082 2865 2463
Grain Yield of Harvested Crop Indian Head 2017 Harvested Crop Wheat Oat Canola Pea Canary Hemp Quinoa Coriander Stubble Grain Yield (kg ha -1 ) Wheat 3656 4357 2248 2791 1373 974 18 1896 Oat 3713 4176 1983 2742 1417 904 18 1828 Canola 3322 4042 1596 2573 1295 724 0 1166 Pea 3948 4175 2135 2552 1111 872 11 1440 Canary 3915 4104 2067 2794 1378 1024 28 1781 Hemp 3376 3664 1336 2525 960 695 18 1267 Quinoa 3676 4297 2056 2588 883 593 14 1305 Coriander 3608 4306 2066 2777 1349 755 9 1366
Problems Paper work to include hemp in trial is a large cost in time and effort Quinoa germination and insect pressure Coriander did not spray in time for blossom blight control in 2016
Conclusions so far Coriander did not seem to benefit from Pea stubble as extra N Dry conditions after seeding (2.5 inches in June) gave cereal stubbles an advantage over broadleaf stubbles Coriander is a significant problems as a volunteer weed Coriander variable as a stubble to seed in to when moisture stress after seeding was not high.
Conclusions so far In reality this is just scraping the surface