F.3. Water security involves the protection of livelihoods, human rights, and cultural and recreational values, as well as the preservation of ecosystems for socio-economic development. 1 One of the key aspects of water security means that people enjoy universal access to safe, sufficient and affordable drinking water in order to meet basic needs. Pacific stands out with the highest availability of renewable water resources per capita, but that is also due to small population numbers. East and North-East Asia, and South and South-West Asia have especially low values for freshwater resources per capita. However, average figures do not necessarily provide a clear picture of the reality at the local level. The growing population and rapid urbanization in Asia and the Pacific have increased pressure on water resources. The demand for water has surged and the demand pattern has changed as the domestic and industrial sectors have become more significant users of water; however, agriculture still uses most of the surface water available. Higher levels of urbanization have resulted in the need for an increased quantity of food produced with a smaller number of people in the agricultural sector, which in turn has led to more intensive farming practices that require more efficient water use. Figure F.3-1 Annual per capita availability of water resources, world regions and Asian and Pacific subregions, 2011 Water availability is relatively constant, but there are large variations among subregions in Asia and the Pacific. The availability of total renewable water resources in the region is relatively constant. Representing the maximum theoretical amount of water available in natural conditions, excluding human influence and the effects of climate change, total renewable water resources are a combination of the ambient surface water, groundwater and soil moisture. In 2011, total renewable water resources in the region equalled 20,521 billion m 3, which represents approximately 38 per cent of total world water availability. Within the region, South-East Asia has the largest renewable water resources available, with about 31 per cent of total regional water availability, whereas the Pacific has the least, with only 8 per cent of total renewable water resources in the region. On the other hand, Asia and the Pacific has fewer renewable water resources per capita than the global average or than any other region in the world (see figure F.3-1). Within the region, the There is great potential for freshwater withdrawal in Asia and the Pacific but this is not spread equally across the region; there exist areas of water scarcity, from both natural and induced water stress. The high level of freshwater withdrawal in Asia and the Pacific can be attributed to the region s geographical size and large population, as well as its extensive and intensive irrigation practices and other economic activities. The five subregions have markedly different climatic zones, and freshwater withdrawal as a percentage of total water availability varies accordingly. Millennium Development Goal indicator 7.5 is the ratio of the amount of water used by society to the amount of water supplied by nature. The supply is the estimated sum of current water resources generated within a country (that is, precipitation) and the inflows from neighbouring territories. The amount of water abstracted, excluding hydroelectricity, provides an indication 1 United Nations University Institute for Water, and Health, and ESCAP, Water Security and the Global Water Agenda: A UN-Water Analytical Brief (United Nations University, 2013). Available from www.unwater.org/downloads/watersecurity_analyticalbrief.pdf. 185
F. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 of the amount of water used. 2 The indicators for some countries in the region are presented in figure F.3-2, whereas figure F.3-3 presents the total availability of natural water resources and total freshwater withdrawal for countries in the region. Figure F.3-3 Availability of natural water resources and total freshwater withdrawal by country, Asia and the Pacific, 2011 Figure F.3-2 Total annual freshwater withdrawal as a percentage of total renewable water resources by country, Asia and the Pacific, 2011 The indicator may not show important contrasts between areas of countries or between seasons. Within many countries in Asia and the Pacific, there are areas with relatively abundant renewable freshwater resources and other areas where water is much scarcer. There is also a significant seasonal element, particularly for countries in South-East Asia, which experience wet and dry seasons. In all of these cases, it is important to have information by catchment area and for the different seasons. For example, in Thailand, 80 per cent of annual precipitation falls between May and October. 3 In China, where roughly half of the country s population lives in the south and the other half in north, about 80 per cent of total renewable water resources are concentrated in the southern portion of the country. 4 2 The definitions of the various data items to be used are found in the System of al-economic Accounting for Water and the International Recommendations for Water Statistics, both adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission. Only the renewable portion of water resources is included in the supply. 3 Thailand, Meteorological Department, Annual weather summary of Thailand in 2011. Available from www.tmd.go.th/programs%5 Cuploads%5CyearlySummary%5CAnnual2011_up.pdf. 4 China, Ministry of Water Resources, China Water Resources Bulletin 2006 (China Water Power Press, 2007). 186
Competition for water increases as a country develops economically and water use shifts from the agricultural sector to the domestic and industrial sectors. (2008) and Papua New Guinea 57 per cent (2005) of water for domestic use. Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal and Timor-Leste use less than 1 per cent (2000-2008) for the industrial sector, while the Russian Federation uses 60 per cent (2001). Freshwater resources are finite, but the population of the Asian and Pacific region has grown steadily over the past two decades, and it is predicted to increase by approximately another 15 per cent between 2010 and 2030. Due to this population growth, more water will be required for all socio-economic activities, and there is a need for countries to improve their management of non-revenue water losses and water use per person per day. In terms of percentages, water used by the domestic and industrial sectors will continue to increase while the percentage for agricultural use will continue to decrease. Water use in the agricultural sector is much higher than it is in the domestic sector. In most countries in the region, water withdrawal is between 60 per cent and 90 per cent for agricultural use, between 5 per cent and 15 per cent for domestic use, and between 5 per cent and 30 per cent for industrial use, depending on the country. Countries that have low water withdrawal for agricultural use include Papua New Guinea at 0.3 per cent (2005), the Russian Federation at 20 per cent (2001) and Malaysia at 22 per cent (2005). Maldives uses 95 per cent Water use per person per annum differs significantly from country to country depending on national level governance and management practices. Most countries in Asia and the Pacific use between 20 m 3 and 80 m 3 per capita per annum. High consumers are Brunei Darussalam at 384 m 3 (2009) and New Zealand at 264 m 3 (2000), whereas the lowest consumers are Nepal at 6 m 3 (2005) and Cambodia at 7 m 3 (2006). Figure F.3-4 Proportional use of water withdrawal by sector, selected world regions and Asian and Pacific subregions, 2000-2010 Box F.3-1 Proportion of total water resources used and the availability of data (Millennium Development Goal indicator 7.5) The need to monitor the supply and use of freshwater resources has received prominence globally, including through Millennium Development Goal indicator 7.5 on the proportion of total water resources used. However, the measurement of the supply and use of freshwater in countries has been constrained by problems associated with inconsistent terminology and a lack of coherence across methodologies. As discussed above, there are inherent limitations with producing national aggregate indicators for water supply and use that ignore seasonal variations and disparities across locations within a country. There is also a lack of availability of data for most ESCAP member States. Currently, statistics on the Number of Asian and Pacific countries with zero, one, or two or more data points, 1990-2010 Source: United Nations, Data availability, Millennium Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/data Availability.aspx. 187
F. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Millennium Indicators Database a are unavailable or available only for one point in the time series for most countries in the region (see succeeding figure). It is therefore important to collect data on water for countries and for the relevant areas and seasons within countries. The data collected will provide the basis for better policy decisions. The System of al- Economic Accounting for Water and the International Recommendations for Water Statistics provide all the elements necessary to develop policy-relevant water statistics in countries. a Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/. Further reading Asian Development Bank. Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, 2013. Available from www.adb.org/publications/ asian-water-development-outlook-2013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures: AQUASTAT survey 2011, FAO Water Report, No. 37. Rome, 2012. Hoekstra, Arjen Y. and Mesfin M. Mekonnen. The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, No. 9 (February 2012). Available from www.waterfootprint.org/reports/hoekstra-mekonnen-2012-waterfootprint-of- Humanity.pdf. Molden, David and others. Trends in water and agricultural development. In Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, David Molden, ed. London: Earthscan; Colombo: International Water Management Institute, 2007. Technical notes Renewable water resources, total (billion m 3 per annum, m 3 per capita per annum) The sum of internal renewable water resources and natural incoming flows originating outside the country, taking into consideration the quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties. That sum gives the maximum theoretical amount of water available in the country. Indicator calculations: Per capita figures are based on population figures (WPP2012). Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual country values (billion m 3 per annum); weighted averages using total population (WPP2012) as weight (m 3 per capita per annum). Missing data are not imputed. Renewable water resources, internal (billion m 3 per annum) The long-term annual average flow of rivers and recharge of groundwater generated from endogenous precipitation. Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual country values. Missing data are not imputed. Total freshwater withdrawal (billion m 3 per annum, percentage of total renewable water per annum) The gross amount of water extracted, either permanently or temporarily, from surface water or groundwater sources minus those produced from non-conventional water sources, such as reused treated wastewater and desalinated water. Indicator calculations: Proportion of total freshwater withdrawal to total renewable water per annum. Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual country values (billion m 3 per annum); weighted averages using total renewable water as weight (percentage of total renewable water per annum). Missing data are not imputed. Domestic water withdrawal (m 3 per capita per annum) The domestic water withdrawal divided by the 188
total population, expressed in m 3 per capita per annum. Domestic water withdrawal is the drinking water plus water withdrawn for homes, municipalities, commercial establishments and public services. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using total population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Water withdrawal by sector: agriculture, domestic use and industry (percentage of total water withdrawal) Water withdrawal by agricultural sector, public distribution network or industrial sector, divided by the total water withdrawal. The methods for computing agricultural water withdrawal vary from country to country. Domestic use can include industrial users that are connected to the network as domestic users and industry consists of self-supplied industries not connected to any distribution network. Aggregate calculations: Weighted average using the total water withdrawal for all purposes as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Source Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), AQUASTAT database. AQUASTAT is FAO s global information system on water and agriculture. The Land and Water Division collects, analyses and disseminates information on water resources, water uses and agricultural water management. Data obtained: 1-4 March 2013. 189
F. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 F.3.1 Water availability Renewable water resources Total Total Internal m 3 per capita per annum Billion m 3 per annum Billion m 3 per annum Total freshwater withdrawal % of total renewable water per annum 1992 2002 2011 2011 2011 Earliest Latest Earliest Latest East and North-East Asia 2 485 2 311 2 196 3 452 3 410 500.0 (90) 562.8 (05) 17.8 (93) 19.3 (05) China 2 369 2 193 2 075 2 840 2 813 500.0 (90) 554.1 (05) 17.6 (90) 19.5 (05) DPR Korea 3 702 3 319 3 132 77 67 8.7 (05) 11.2 (05) Hong Kong, China Japan 3 491 3 406 3 377 430 430 91.4 (92) 89.9 (01) 21.3 (92) 20.9 (01) Macao, China Mongolia 15 511 14 243 12 635 35 35 0.4 (93) 0.6 (09) 1.2 (93) 1.6 (09) Republic of Korea 1 594 1 502 1 430 70 65 25.5 (02) 36.5 (02) South-East Asia 13 886 11 851 10 584 6 396 4 993 Brunei Darussalam 31 257 24 538 20 910 9 9 0.1 (91) 0.9 (91) Cambodia 48 973 37 461 32 597 476 121 2.2 (06) 0.5 (06) Indonesia 10 918 9 389 8 281 2 019 2 019 74.3 (90) 3.7 (90) Lao PDR 74 147 60 142 51 140 334 190 3.5 (05) 1.0 (05) Malaysia 30 200 23 757 20 168 580 580 10.1 (90) 11.2 (05) 1.7 (90) 1.9 (05) Myanmar 26 899 23 710 22 311 1 168 1 003 33.2 (00) 2.8 (00) Philippines 7 370 5 917 5 039 479 479 81.6 (09) 17.0 (09) Singapore 188 145 116 1 1 Thailand 7 607 6 875 6 588 439 225 57.3 (07) 13.1 (07) Timor-Leste 10 207 9 134 7 493 8 8 1.2 (04) 14.3 (04) Viet Nam 12 296 10 710 9 833 884 359 81.9 (05) 9.3 (05) South and South-West Asia 3 200 2 651 2 330 4 140 2 338 509.8 (90) 647.5 (10) 32.2 (00) 33.9 (10) Afghanistan 4 730 2 942 2 245 65 47 20.3 (00) 31.0 (00) Bangladesh 10 913 8 956 8 027 1 227 105 35.9 (08) 2.9 (08) Bhutan 179 821 135 349 106 933 78 78 0.3 (08) 0.4 (08) India 2 115 1 775 1 565 1 911 1 446 500.0 (90) 647.5 (10) 26.2 (90) 33.9 (10) Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 2 350 2 023 1 816 137 129 83.0 (95) 93.0 (04) 50.9 (95) 67.9 (04) Maldives 132 106 90 0 0 0.0 (08) 15.7 (08) Nepal 11 034 8 721 7 740 210 198 9.6 (00) 9.5 (06) 4.5 (00) 4.5 (06) Pakistan 2 104 1 649 1 401 247 55 155.6 (91) 183.5 (08) 63.1 (91) 74.4 (08) Sri Lanka 2 977 2 741 2 523 53 53 9.8 (90) 13.0 (05) 18.5 (90) 24.5 (05) Turkey 3 791 3 254 2 896 212 227 31.6 (92) 39.1 (03) 14.9 (92) 18.5 (03) North and Central Asia 22 355 22 262 21 750 4 840 4 581 175.9 (94) 119.9 (01) 1.9 (94) 2.6 (01) Armenia 2 252 2 550 2 621 8 7 2.9 (95) 2.9 (07) 27.8 (95) 36.8 (07) Azerbaijan 4 654 4 189 3 769 35 8 12.4 (97) 12.1 (05) 35.8 (97) 34.8 (05) Georgia 11 847 13 702 14 478 63 58 1.8 (05) 2.9 (05) Kazakhstan 6 689 7 351 6 678 108 64 31.8 (95) 20.0 (10) 30.7 (95) 18.6 (10) Kyrgyzstan 5 277 4 721 4 371 24 49 9.8 (94) 7.7 (06) 41.5 (94) 32.6 (06) Russian Federation 30 296 30 978 31 428 4 508 4 313 77.1 (94) 66.2 (01) 1.7 (94) 1.5 (01) Tajikistan 3 967 3 421 2 804 22 63 11.5 (94) 11.2 (06) 74.3 (95) 51.1 (06) Turkmenistan 6 381 5 385 4 851 25 1 23.7 (94) 27.5 (04) 96.2 (95) 111.1 (04) Uzbekistan 2 269 1 929 1 736 49 16 53.8 (94) 49.2 (05) 115.2 (95) 100.6 (05) Pacific 63 956 55 357 47 599 1 693 1 693 22.9 (00) 1.7 (00) American Samoa Australia 28 068 24 956 21 635 492 492 22.2 (96) 4.5 (96) Cook Islands Fiji 38 356 34 978 32 895 29 29 0.1 (00) 0.3 (00) French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia (F.S.) Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand 93 345 82 535 74 084 327 327 4.8 (02) 1.5 (02) Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea 183 333 141 513 114 217 801 801 0.3 (00) 0.4 (05) 0.0 (00) 0.0 (05) Samoa Solomon Islands 135 461 102 787 83 086 45 45 Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Asia and the Pacific 6 056 5 339 4 873 20 521 17 014 Developed countries 8 661 8 331 8 086 1 249 1 249 91.4 (92) 89.9 (01) 21.3 (92) 20.9 (01) Developing countries 5 940 5 218 4 751 19 272 15 765 LLDC 9 832 8 135 7 028 991 758 LDC 17 732 14 298 12 672 3 611 1 795 ASEAN 13 892 11 856 10 590 6 387 4 985 ECO 3 032 2 500 2 167 922 660 281.5 (00) 47.4 (00) SAARC 3 214 2 654 2 328 3 791 1 982 509.8 (90) 647.5 (10) 33.2 (00) 33.9 (10) Central Asia 4 908 4 623 4 202 332 268 62.4 (95) Pacific island dev. econ. 160 607 126 494 103 844 874 874 0.4 (00) 0.4 (05) 0.0 (00) 0.0 (05) Low income econ. 14 259 11 679 10 414 3 269 1 653 Lower middle income econ. 5 026 4 209 3 702 7 041 5 678 909.7 (00) 18.0 (00) Upper middle income econ. 5 671 5 257 4 972 8 882 8 360 512.0 (93) 577.4 (05) 18.0 (93) 16.7 (05) High income econ. 6 937 6 612 6 359 1 328 1 323 Africa 9 241 6 782 5 448 5 559 3 931 Europe 5 433 5 336 5 396 3 226 2 265 185.7 (07) 10.9 (07) Latin America and Carib. 39 985 34 101 30 608 18 391 13 436 160.9 (00) 1.0 (00) North America 20 733 18 569 17 089 5 971 5 668 467.4 (95) 477.8 (05) 15.2 (95) 15.6 (05) World 9 970 8 641 7 771 53 788 42 370 190
F.3.2 Water use Domestic water Water withdrawal withdrawal Domestic use Agriculture Industry m 3 per capita per annum % of total water withdrawal Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest East and North-East Asia 30.0 (90) 51.0 (05) 7.0 (90) 12.2 (05) 83.0 (90) 64.8 (05) 10.0 (90) 23.1 (05) China 30.0 (90) 51.2 (05) 7.0 (90) 12.2 (05) 83.0 (90) 64.6 (05) 10.0 (90) 23.2 (05) DPR Korea 37.5 (00) 37.9 (05) 10.4 (05) 76.4 (05) 13.2 (05) Hong Kong, China Japan 138.0 (92) 18.6 (92) 19.3 (01) 64.1 (92) 63.1 (01) 17.3 (92) 17.6 (01) Macao, China Mongolia 37.6 (93) 26.6 (09) 19.9 (93) 12.9 (09) 53.0 (93) 43.9 (09) 27.1 (93) 43.2 (09) Republic of Korea 142.7 (02) 26.0 (02) 62.0 (02) 12.0 (02) South-East Asia 60.5 (00) Brunei Darussalam 384.1 (09) 5.8 (95) Cambodia 7.2 (06) 4.5 (06) 94.0 (06) 1.5 (06) Indonesia 26.5 (90) 62.3 (05) 6.4 (90) 11.6 (00) 93.1 (90) 81.9 (00) 0.5 (90) 6.5 (00) Lao PDR 23.1 (03) 3.7 (05) 91.4 (05) 4.9 (05) Malaysia 44.9 (90) 151.0 (05) 8.1 (90) 34.8 (05) 82.0 (90) 22.4 (05) 9.9 (90) 42.8 (05) Myanmar 68.6 (00) 10.0 (00) 89.0 (00) 1.0 (00) Philippines 61.3 (95) 67.9 (09) 7.4 (06) 7.6 (09) 83.1 (06) 82.2 (09) 9.5 (06) 10.1 (09) Singapore 223.9 (00) 239.8 (05) Thailand 26.4 (90) 41.5 (07) 4.8 (07) 90.4 (07) 4.8 (07) Timor-Leste 12.5 (00) 102.4 (04) 8.4 (04) 91.4 (04) 0.2 (04) Viet Nam 13.0 (00) 14.2 (05) 1.5 (05) 94.8 (05) 3.7 (05) South and South-West Asia 27.1 (90) 46.4 (10) 4.9 (90) 7.4 (10) 92.1 (90) 90.4 (10) 3.0 (90) 2.2 (10) Afghanistan 7.5 (00) 8.2 (05) 0.8 (00) 98.6 (00) 0.6 (00) Bangladesh 15.8 (90) 24.3 (08) 10.0 (08) 87.8 (08) 2.1 (08) Bhutan 24.6 (08) 5.0 (08) 94.1 (08) 0.9 (08) India 28.8 (90) 46.4 (10) 5.0 (90) 7.4 (10) 92.0 (90) 90.4 (10) 3.0 (90) 2.2 (10) Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 99.2 (95) 89.4 (04) 7.2 (95) 6.6 (04) 91.6 (95) 92.2 (04) 1.2 (95) 1.2 (04) Maldives 22.7 (00) 17.8 (08) 94.9 (08) 0.0 (08) 5.1 (08) Nepal 12.3 (94) 5.8 (05) 2.1 (00) 1.6 (06) 97.5 (00) 98.1 (06) 0.4 (00) 0.3 (06) Pakistan 21.9 (91) 57.8 (08) 1.6 (91) 5.3 (08) 96.8 (91) 94.0 (08) 1.6 (91) 0.8 (08) Sri Lanka 11.3 (90) 40.3 (05) 2.0 (90) 6.2 (05) 96.0 (90) 87.3 (05) 2.0 (90) 6.4 (05) Turkey 93.2 (92) 94.0 (03) 16.5 (92) 15.5 (03) 72.5 (92) 73.8 (03) 11.1 (92) 10.7 (03) North and Central Asia 96.7 (94) 98.4 (01) 9.9 (94) 13.3 (01) 62.7 (94) 53.6 (01) 27.4 (94) 33.1 (01) Armenia 268.4 (95) 280.7 (06) 29.6 (95) 29.5 (07) 66.3 (95) 66.1 (07) 4.1 (95) 4.4 (07) Azerbaijan 28.0 (97) 60.8 (05) 1.8 (97) 4.3 (05) 81.2 (97) 76.4 (05) 17.0 (97) 19.3 (05) Georgia 70.8 (00) 80.0 (05) 19.8 (05) 58.2 (05) 22.1 (05) Kazakhstan 37.5 (95) 55.1 (10) 1.7 (95) 4.2 (10) 81.4 (95) 66.2 (10) 16.9 (95) 29.6 (10) Kyrgyzstan 66.3 (94) 44.1 (06) 3.0 (94) 2.8 (06) 94.1 (94) 93.0 (06) 2.9 (94) 4.2 (06) Russian Federation 96.1 (94) 91.7 (01) 18.6 (94) 20.2 (01) 19.8 (94) 19.9 (01) 61.6 (94) 59.8 (01) Tajikistan 72.2 (94) 93.0 (06) 3.5 (94) 5.6 (06) 92.3 (94) 90.9 (06) 4.2 (94) 3.5 (06) Turkmenistan 85.2 (94) 160.7 (04) 1.5 (94) 2.7 (04) 97.9 (94) 94.3 (04) 0.6 (94) 3.0 (04) Uzbekistan 114.8 (94) 157.4 (05) 4.4 (94) 7.3 (05) 93.7 (94) 90.0 (05) 1.9 (94) 2.7 (05) Pacific 161.0 (00) 16.1 (00) 72.9 (00) 11.0 (00) American Samoa Australia 182.8 (00) 15.6 (00) 69.9 (96) 10.6 (00) Cook Islands Fiji 28.2 (00) 30.8 (05) 28.0 (00) 61.2 (00) 10.8 (00) French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia (F.S.) Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand 264.4 (00) 21.5 (02) 74.3 (02) 4.2 (02) Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea 28.7 (00) 36.7 (05) 56.9 (00) 57.0 (05) 0.4 (00) 0.3 (05) 42.7 (00) 42.7 (05) Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Asia and the Pacific 28.6 (90) 43.9 (00) 6.0 (90) 87.9 (90) 6.1 (90) Developed countries 138.0 (92) 147.4 (00) 18.6 (92) 19.3 (01) 64.1 (92) 63.1 (01) 17.3 (92) 17.6 (01) Developing countries 28.6 (90) 38.9 (00) 6.0 (90) 87.9 (90) 6.1 (90) LLDC LDC ASEAN 60.6 (00) ECO 58.8 (00) 5.1 (00) 91.8 (00) 3.1 (00) SAARC 27.1 (90) 46.4 (10) 4.9 (90) 7.4 (10) 92.1 (90) 90.4 (10) 3.0 (90) 2.2 (10) Central Asia Pacific island dev. econ. 28.7 (00) 36.0 (05) 50.2 (00) 57.0 (05) 14.4 (00) 0.3 (05) 35.3 (00) 42.7 (05) Low income econ. Lower middle income econ. 28.1 (90) 43.6 (00) 5.1 (90) 6.8 (00) 92.2 (90) 90.8 (00) 2.7 (90) 2.4 (00) Upper middle income econ. 30.1 (90) 53.2 (05) 7.0 (90) 12.5 (05) 83.0 (90) 64.0 (05) 10.0 (90) 23.5 (05) High income econ. 149.4 (00) Africa 34.6 (00) 28.6 (05) Europe 20.3 (07) 20.6 (07) 59.1 (07) Latin America and Carib. 98.4 (00) 23.1 (00) 65.0 (00) 11.9 (00) North America 238.4 (90) 219.5 (05) 13.1 (90) 13.7 (05) 42.1 (90) 40.2 (05) 44.8 (90) 46.1 (05) World 64.0 (00) 191