Life Cycle Performance of Sustainable Buildings: Appraisal of the Lyell Centre and Oriam Sep 2018 Sahar Mirzaie, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, SM76@HW.AC.UK Dr. G.F. Menzies, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society
WHY BUILDINGS? In 2014 - UK Carbon Footprint 831 MtCO 2 e 42% Built Environment 22% Operational & Embodied Carbon Footprint https://www.ukgbc.org/climate-change/ Construction industry criticized as inefficient 90% of our time! UK Vision: a world leader in sustainable construction
Sir Charles Lyell Centre Heriot-watt Riccarton Campus Case study 1 Educational Building: open plan offices & laboratories GIA: 5571 m² 15 mil 96.4% conditioned area (EPC): 5370 m² End Use energy consumption : 117.1 kwh/m² Design (EPC) 222.9 kwh/m² Actual (metered) BREEAM Excellent BIM Level 1 60 years
Sir Charles Lyell Centre Building Exteriors And Interiors Case study 1
Sir Charles Lyell Centre Architectural BIM Model - Floor Plans Case study 1 Lower Floor First and Second Floor Ground Floor Roof
Sir Charles Lyell Centre Building Structure Case study 1 Design Change J355
Oriam National Performance Centre for Sport Heriot-watt Riccarton Campus Case study 2 Leisure Building (Sporting Facility): gym, games hall, café, 3D pitch, offices GIA: 7610 m² (+ 8600 m² 3D pitch) 26 mil 81.9% conditioned area (EPC): 6225.7 m² End Use energy consumption: 477 kwh/m² Design (EPC) 318 kwh/m² Actual (metered) BREEAM GOOD BIM Level 1 Soft Landings 60 years
Oriam National Performance Centre for Sport Building Exteriors And Interiors Case study 2
Oriam National Performance Centre for Sport Architectural Floor Plan Drawings Case study 2 Ground Floor First Floor
Oriam National Performance Centre for Sport Building Structure Case study 2 East Elevation
Building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Circular Economy Approach Material Acquisition Reuse; Recovery; Recycling Manufacturing Construction End of Life: Demolition; Disposal Operation: Energy & Water Use; Maintenance; Repair; Replacement
Material Supply Transport Building LCA Modules (EN 15804 & EN 15978) Manufacturing Transport Construction Use Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Demolition Transport Waste Recovery Waste Disposal Re-use, Recovery, Recycling Potential Product Construction Process Use End-of-life Benefits & Loads Beyond the A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 System Boundary A1 D B6 B7 Operational energy use Operational water use Cradle to Gate Cradle to Grave Supplementary information beyond the building LC
Building LCA Modules Product Environmental Footprint Method (PEF) The Single Market for Green Products Initiative EN 15978 & EN 15804 Circular Footprint Formula (CFF) Allocation Rules Allocates burdens and credits between two life cycles and it aims to reflect market realities and both aspects of recycling (recycled content and recyclability at end-of-life). 0.2 A 0.8 Pilot phase: 2013-2018 27 Pilot PEFCRs Transition phase: 2018-2021
Material Supply Transport Building LCA Modules PEF Method Manufacturing Transport Construction Use Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Demolition Transport Waste Recovery and Disposal Product Construction Process Use End-of-life A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3-C4 B6 B7 Operational energy use Operational water use Cradle to Gate Cradle to Grave
LCA RESULTS EF Impact Assessment Method Indicators Climate Change: Global Warming Potential 100 years Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) calculating the destructive effects on the stratospheric ozone layer over a time horizon of 100 years. Ionising radiation - human health: Quantification of the impact of ionizing radiation on the population, in comparison to Uranium 235. Photochemical ozone formation - human health: Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP): Expression of the potential contribution to photochemical ozone formation. Land Use: Soil quality index. Only 4 (out of 5) indicators are included in the aggregation. Water scarcity: m3 water eq. deprived. Relative Available WAter REmaining (AWARE) per area in a watershed, after the demand of humans and aquatic ecosystems has been met. Resource use, energy carriers: Abiotic resource depletion fossil fuels (ADP-fossil) for energy carriers Resource use, mineral and metals: Abiotic resource depletion (ADP ultimate reserve) for minerals and metal resources
LCA RESULTS EF Impact Assessment Method Indicators Respiratory inorganics: Disease incidence due to kg of PM2.5 emitted Non-cancer & Cancer human health effects: Comparative Toxic Unit for human (CTUh) expressing the estimated increase in morbidity in the total human population per unit mass of a chemical emitted (cases per kilogramme). Acidification terrestrial and freshwater: Accumulated Exceedance (AE) characterizing the change in critical load exceedance of the sensitive area in terrestrial and main freshwater ecosystems, to which acidifying substances deposit. Eutrophication freshwater & marine: Phosphorus and Nitrogen equivalents: Expression of the degree to which the emitted nutrients reaches the freshwater & marine end compartment, respectively. Eutrophication terrestrial: Accumulated Exceedance (AE) characterizing the change in critical load exceedance of the sensitive area, to which eutrophying substances deposit. Ecotoxicity freshwater: Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (CTUe) expressing an estimate of the potentially affected fraction of species (PAF) integrated over time and volume per unit mass of a chemical emitted (PAF m3 year/kg).
LCA RESULTS Case study 1
Pt Whole Life Weighted Environmental Impacts Case study 1 300.00 C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal 250.00 C2 Waste Transport 200.00 C1 Demolition B7 Operational Water 150.00 B6 Operational Energy 100.00 B4 Replacement 50.00 0.00 B3 Repair B2 Cleaning/Maintenance A5 Construction -50.00 A4 Transport to Site -100.00 A3 Manufacturing A2 Manufacturing Transport A1-Materials Acquisition
100.0% 80.0% Whole Life Characterised Environmental Impacts Case study 1 C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal C2 Waste Transport 60.0% 40.0% C1 Demolition B7 Operational Water B6 Operational Energy B4 Replacement 20.0% 0.0% B3 Repair B2 Cleaning/Maintenance A5 Construction -20.0% -40.0% A4 Transport to Site A3 Manufacturing A2 Manufacturing Transport A1-Materials Acquisition
Pt Material Supply Weighted Environmental Impacts Case study 1 90.00 Resource use, mineral and metals 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Resource use, energy carriers Water scarcity Land use Ecotoxicity freshwater Eutrophication terrestrial Eutrophication marine Eutrophication freshwater Acidification terrestrial and freshwater Cancer human health effects Non-cancer human health effects Respiratory inorganics Photochemical ozone formation, HH Ionising radiation, HH Ozone depletion Climate change
LCA RESULTS Case study 2
Pt 800.00 Whole Life Weighted Environmental Impacts Case study 2 C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal C2 Waste Transport 600.00 C1 Demolition B7 Operational Water 400.00 B6 Operational Energy 200.00 B4 Replacement B3 Repair 0.00 B2 Cleaning/Maintenance A5 Construction -200.00 A4 Transport to Site A3 Manufacturing -400.00 A2 Manufacturing Transport A1-Materials Acquisition
100.0% 80.0% Whole Life Characterised Environmental Impacts Case study 2 C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal C2 Waste Transport C1 Demolition 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% B7 Operational Water B6 Operational Energy B4 Replacement B3 Repair B2 Cleaning/Maintenance A5 Construction A4 Transport to Site -20.0% -40.0% A3 Manufacturing A2 Manufacturing Transport A1-Materials Acquisition
Pt Material Supply Weighted Environmental Impacts Case study 2 160.00 140.00 120.00 100.00 Resource use, mineral and metals Resource use, energy carriers Water scarcity Land use Ecotoxicity freshwater Eutrophication terrestrial 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 Eutrophication marine Eutrophication freshwater Acidification terrestrial and freshwater Cancer human health effects Non-cancer human health effects Respiratory inorganics Photochemical ozone formation, HH Ionising radiation, HH Ozone depletion Climate change
Most Important Impact Categories Lyell Case 1 Pt % Climate change 231 24% Respiratory inorganics 141 38% Cancer human health effects 132 51% Resource use, energy carriers 110 63% Acidification terrestrial and freshwater Non-cancer human health effects Photochemical ozone formation, HH 87 71% 64 78% 47 83% Oriam Case 2 Pt % Resource use, energy carriers 717 24% Climate change 542 42% Respiratory inorganics 413 55% Acidification terrestrial and freshwater 350 67% Cancer human health effects 289 77% Non-cancer human health effects 149 82%
Climate Change [kg CO 2eq / m 2 ] Global Warming Potential 100 years Oriam Lyell -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 A1-Materials Acquisition A2 Manufacturing Transport A3 Manufacturing A4 Transport to Site A5 Construction B2 Cleaning/Maintenance B3 Repair B4 Replacement B6 Operational Energy B7 Operational Water C1 Demolition C2 Waste Transport C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal
Climate Change [kg CO 2eq ] Lyell Case 1 Oriam Case 2 3% -1% -9% 1% 19% -1% -14% 1% 3% 18% 1% 42% Climate change 11% 4% 4% 2% 1% 0% 3% 4% 0% -1000.00 0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00 50% 5% 2% 0% 1% A1-Materials Acquisition A2 Manufacturing Transport A3 Manufacturing A4 Transport to Site A5 Construction B2 Cleaning/Maintenance B3 Repair B4 Replacement B6 Operational Energy B7 Operational Water C1 Demolition C2 Waste Transport C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal
Material Supply Climate Change Impact [kg CO 2eq ] Lyell Case 1 Oriam Case 2 32.7 44.9 67.9 23.3 44.9 78.9 40.2 200.5 55.6 42.9 148.2 110.4 22.2 261.0 Oriam Lyell 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 Frame Columns &Beams Roof Upper Floors and Stairs Foundation Internal Walls & Finishes Façade M&E&Services
Climate Change [kg CO 2eq / m 2 ] Global Warming Potential 100 years Oriam PEF Oriam EN 15804-1000.00-500.00 0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 A1-Materials Acquisition A3 Manufacturing A5 Construction B3 Repair B6 Operational Energy C1 Demolition C3-C4 Waste Processing & Disposal A2 Manufacturing Transport A4 Transport to Site B2 Cleaning/Maintenance B4 Replacement B7 Operational Water C2 Waste Transport Module D - Recovery benefits
[kg CO 2eq / m 2 /year] Climate Change [kg CO 2eq / m 2 /year] Global Warming Potential 100 years 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 53.5 51.4 62.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 PEF Method EN 15804 with Module D EN 15804 without Module D
Supply Material Climate Change [kg CO 2eq / m 2 ] Global Warming Potential 100 years Oriam PEF Oriam EN 15804 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 Frame Columns &Beams Roof Upper Floors and Stairs Foundation Internal Walls & Finishes Façade M&E&Services
Thank you! Sahar Mirzaie PhD Candidate at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK SM76@HW.AC.UK With special thanks to the project sponsors and the supervisory team.