Liquor-to-Liquor Differences in Combustion and Gasification Processes: ÅAU Black Liquor Database Mikael Forssén, Mikko Hupa PCG - Combustion and Materials Chemistry Åbo Akademi University Colloquium on Black Liquor Combustion and Gasification, May 13-16, 23, Park City Marriott, Park City, Utah
Introduction - Background BL combustion characterisation has been performed at ÅAU since mid 198 s Swelling behavior during combustion Sodium and sulfur release Black liquor nitrogen chemistry Data available in different sources, forms and formats A need to gather results from different standard experiments
Introduction - Purpose Gather unique liquor-to-liquor specific combustion information Study differences between liquors with various origins Act as a base for comparing different groups of liquors Act as a base for comparing the behavior of individual liquors Make experimental data accessible for further studies
Outline Introduction ÅAU Black Liquor Database Content Examples with results from database Experimental Equipment Devices in use Conclusions
ÅAU Black Liquor Database Includes totally 397 black liquors Currently background information available for 272 liquors Pulp process Liquor type Raw material Sulfate 13, sulfite 13, soda 4, Miscellanous 1, Unknown 11 As fired 76, virgin 4, Other background 44, Laboratory liquors 33, Unknown 74 Hardwood 31, softwood, mixed wood 16, Unknown 148, Other 22 (Eucalyptus, Bagasse, Straw, Agro, Acacia, Kenaf)
ÅAU Black Liquor Database Experiments perfomed Combustion characterisation ~28 1mg, 8 C, air Pyrolysis yields ~12 1mg, 7 and 9 C, 1% N 2 CO 2 and NO formation ~1 4mg, 9 C, 1% O 2 A number of other experiments and special studies has been performed
ÅAU Black Liquor Database- Examples Combustion times vs swelling during combustion for liquors from different pulp processes. Black Liquor 392 compared to other liquors
EXAMPLES Sulfite Total combsution (s) Char burning (s) Pyrolysis (s) Char burning time (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 1 2 4 6 8 Char burning time (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 Sulfite 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 Sulfite 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 Sulfite 1 2 4 6 8
EXAMPLES Sulfate Soda Total combsution (s) Char burning (s) Pyrolysis (s) Char burning time (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 Sulfate 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 Sulfate 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 Sulfate 1 2 4 6 8 Char burning time (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 Soda process 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 Soda process 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 Soda process 1 2 4 6 8
EXAMPLES Other processes Sulfate as fired Total combsution (s) Char burning (s) Pyrolysis (s) Char burning time (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 "Other " pulp process 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 "Other " pulp process 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 "Other " pulp process 1 2 4 6 8 Pyrolysis time (s) Char burning time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 Sulfate - as fired 2 4 6 8 2 2 1 1 Sulfate - as fired 2 4 6 8 Sulfate - as fired 2 4 6 8
Results for an recent black liquor BL392 Total combsution (s) Char burning (s) Pyrolysis (s) Pyrolysis time (s) Char burning time (s) Total combustion time (s) 6 4 3 2 1 Recent black liquor- BL392 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 Recent black liquor- BL392 2 4 6 8 Recent black liquor- BL392 2 4 6 8
Outline Introduction Black Liquor Database Content Examples with results from database Experimental Equipment Devices in use Conclusions
Experimental Devices I. Single Droplet Muffle Furnace II. Furnace for Pyrolysis Experiments III. Single Droplet Reactor - Video Filming and Online Gas Analyzers IV. Pressurized Grid Heater
I. Single Droplet Muffle Furnace Combustion times Swelling properties Video recorde r
II. Furnace for Pyrolysis Experiments Pyrolysis yield Conversion during pyrolysis N 2 Furnace N 2 To ventilation
III. Single Droplet Reactor - Video Filming and Online Gas Analyzers CO 2 CO 2 N 2 N 2 O 2 CO 2 pump Ventilation pump SO2 NO VCR SO 2 CO/CO 2 Filter NO Ventilation
IV. Pressurized Grid Heater Pyrolysis yield and rate High heating rates (3K/s) Thin film of black liquor
Outline Introduction Black Liquor Database Purpose Content Examples with results from database Experimental Equipment Devices in use Conclusions
Conclusions... ÅAU Black Liquor Database includes combustion characterisation results for a variety of liquors Background for liquors partly available Data reported for certain standard conditions Data given in an uniform format
...Conclusions Study the main trends for liquor groups More detailed data still available for each data point Correlations between: Combustion times Pyrolysis yields CO 2 and NO formation Liquor origin Data will be publicly available as technical report
Acknowledgements TEKES Academy of Finland Andritz Oy Kvaerner Pulping Oy All companies and pulp mills involved in the work from 1993 forward