Efficient use of wter in drylnd griculture ( in the world) P. Berliner Jco Blustein Institutes for Desert Reserch, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The future of wter for irrigtion in Cliforni nd Isrel 16-18 July, 2018
BIDR
EVENARI FARM AT AVDAT- ISRAEL 200 180 160 140 Totl sesonl rinfll 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Yer
The Nten City - Avdt
80 Rinfll nd Runoff intensity (mm hr -1 ) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8/12/04 0:00 8/12/04 1:30 8/12/04 3:00 8/12/04 4:30 8/12/04 6:00 8/12/04 7:30 8/12/04 9:00 8/12/04 10:30 Time (Dte+hour) NT_A NT_NA Rin
ET Internl oundry lyer T I,R,Ru E D
GOAL: DECREASE EVAPORATION IN ORDER TO INCREASE W.U.E. (WITH AN EMPHASIS ON SIMPLE APPROACHES).. Intercropping (Runoff Agroforestry). Chnging geometry for flooding systems c. Polyethylene mulching
RUNOFF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM P:precipittion R: runoff E: evportion T: trnspirtion W: retining wll S: spillwy D: dringe B: sin
PRECIPITATION T E Pit Depth WETTED AREA [ROOT ZONE] X D
R R Hypothesis: The rte of evportive losses will e reduced if the runoff wter is stored in nrrow trenches.
Access tues for moisture mesurement Grnier Sp flux sensor 1.5 m. 1 m. 1 m. 2.7 m. 0.15 m. 0.4 m. 0.5 m. 0.3 m. 0.4 m. Ground surfce re tree -1 = 4 m 2 Ground surfce re tree -1 = 9 m 2 Schemtic plot outly. Microctchment nd Trench runoff collection systems
40 12 35 10 WATER LOSS (x10-3) m 3 d -1 30 25 20 15 10 5 8 6 4 2 ET Trenches ET MC T Trenches T MC Clss A Pn 0 0 140 190 240 290 DOY
30 25 EVAP. FLUX (X10-3 ) m 3 d -1 20 15 10 5 E MC E Trench 0 140 190 240 290-5 DOY
TRANSPIRATION NORMALIZED BY CANOPY CROSS-SECTION Trnspirtion (mm d -1 ) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 11 9 7 5 3 1 Clss A Pn evportion (mm d-1) MC T 0-1 140 190 240 290 DOY
MAIZE FIELD TRIAL Blck polyethylene mulch Drip line 0.82 m Distnce etween plnts in the row:0.14 m Neutron proe Furrow
Dry iomss (kg h -1 ) 25000 20000 15000 10000 Furrow+mulch Furrow Drip+mulch Drip 5000 0 Consumptive wter use (mm) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 32 60 74 (83) DAS
GWUE c (g DM Kg wter -1 ) Rtio mulched to nonmulched 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 Furrow+mulch Furrow Drip+mulch Drip 0-32 * 32-60 60-74 (83) Finl [0-74 (83)] DAS ns 0-32 32-60 60-74 (83) Finl [0-74 (83)] DAS ns
Evportion (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Furrow Drip
SUMMARY The wter losses due to direct evportion from the soil to the tmosphere were significnt in the three grosystems tested. The reduction in evportion incresed the wter ville to crops nd hence the totl iomss yields per unit plnted re. The implementtion of the techniques tht led to reduction of the forementioned losses require different types nd levels of investments nd my e dpted to the possiilities of vrious popultion groups. The reduction in evportive losses my compenste the expected reduction in precipittion due to climte chnges in the Estern Mediterrnen.
THE END
RELEVANT LITERATURE AND CO-AUTHORS 1. LOVENSTEIN, H., P. R. BERLINER nd H. vn KEULEN (1991). Runoff Agroforestry in rid lnds. Forest Ecology nd Mngement 45:59-70. 2. LOVENSTEIN, H nd P. R. BERLINER (1993). Biometric reltions for non destructive ove ground iomss estimtions in young Acci Slicin nd Euclyptus occidentlis plnttions. New Forests 7:255-273. 3. NATIV, R., J. E. EPHRATH, P. R. BERLINER nd Y. SARANGA (1998). Drought resistnce nd wter use efficiency in Acci slign. Austrlin J. of Botny. 47:577-586. 4. EPHRATH, J., M. SILBERBUSH nd P. R. BERLINER (1999). Clirtion of minirhizotron redings ginst root length density dt otined from soil cores. Plnt nd Soil. 209:201-208. 5. DROPPELMANN, K. J. nd P.R. BERLINER (2000). Biometric reltionships nd growth of pruned nd non-pruned Acci slign under runoff irrigtion in Northern Keny. Forest Ecology nd Mngement. 126:349-359. 6. DROPPELMANN, K. J., J. E. EPHRATH nd P. R. BERLINER (2000). Tree crop complementrity in Runoff Agroforestry System. Agroforestry Systems. 50:1-16. 7. DROPPELMANN, K. J., J. LEHMANN, J. E. EPHRATH nd P. R. BERLINER (2000). Wter use efficiency nd uptke ptterns in Runoff Agroforestry system in n rid environment. Agroforestry Systems. 49:223-243. 8. DROPPELMANN, K. nd BERLINER, P.R. 2003. Runoff groforestry - technique to secure the livelihood of pstorlists in the Middle Est. Journl of Arid Environments. 54: 571-577 9. BERLINER, P. R. nd K. DROPPELMANN.(2003) Vlidtion in n rid re of n lgorithm for the estimtion of dily solr rdition. Journl of Hydrometeorology 297-303 10. WENGWANG, ZHAO, RUSSELL J. QUALLS nd PEDRO. R. BERLINER (2003) Modeling of the short wve rdition distriution in n groforestry system. Agriculturl nd Forestry Meteorology118:185-206. 11. ZEGADA, W., Y. EPHRATH nd P. BERLINER (2007) "Aove nd elow ground development of Acci slign shrus grown under different irrigtion frequencies in n rid environment. Plnd nd Soil. 297:157-169 12. G. CARMI nd P. BERLINER (2008). The effect of soil crusting on the runoff genertion of smll plots in n rid environment. CATENA 74:37-42 13. ZEGADA LIZARRAZOU, W nd P.R. BERLINER (2011). "The effects of the degree of soil cover with n impervious sheet on the estlishment of tree seedlings in n rid environment".new Forests. 42:1-17 14. ZEGADA LIZARRAZOU, W nd P.R. BERLINER (2011)." Inter-row mulch increses the wter use efficiency of ffurrow-irrigted mize in n rid environment". J. of Agronomy nd Crop Science. 197:237-248 15. S. ZHANG, G. CARMI AND P. BERLINER (2013)" The effect of the geometry of runoff collecting res on the overll efficiency of microctchments" Journl of Arid Environments, 95 (2013), 22-29.\ 16. DAVID PEARLMUTTER AND PEDRO BERLINER. EXPERIMENTS WITH psychrometric roof pond system for pssive cooling in hot-rid regions. Energy nd Buildings 144 (2017) 295 302 17. NURIT AGAM, SOLOMON LEAKE AND PEDRO R. BERLINER. Modeling short wve solr rdition flux in trench wter hrvesting system. Agriculturl nd Forest Meteorology 221 (2016) 152 163