Zafer URE Unit 32, Mere View Ind. Estate, Yaxley, Cambridgeshire, PE7 3HS, UK Tel.: +44(0)1733-243400, Fax: +44(0)1733-243344, e-mail: z.ure@pcmproducts.net www.pcmproducts.net
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Storing High or Low temperature energy for later use in order to bridge the time gap between energy availability and energy use
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNIQUES SENSIBLE TES LATENT TES Chilled / Hot Water Fabric TES Ice TES Eutectic TES 2003 International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, D.C., August 17-22, 2003
Temperature SENSIBLE Vs LATENT HEAT OPERATION Sensible Heat Capacity Latent Heat Capacity Melting Curve Time 2003 International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, D.C., August 17-22, 2003
EUTECTIC MATERIAL PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) Mixture of two or more chemicals (inorganic salts) having a freezing / melting temperature point which is higher or lower than those of water 0 C (32F). ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Waxes (HC Cuts) Vegetable Oil Sugar Fatty Acids Alcohol Polyol (Solid-Solid) SALT-BASED SOLUTIONS Glauber s Salt Organic Salts (Acetate / Formate based) Inorganic Salts (Chloride/Nitrate based) Molten Salts
0 ºC WATER +90 ºC High Temperature +885 ºC 194 ºF Molten Salts 1,625 ºF +7 ºC Hydrated +117ºC 45 ºF Salts 242ºF -46 ºC Eutectic Salt 0 ºC -51 ºF Based Solutions 32 ºF +1 ºC Organic +167ºC 33 ºF Solutions 332 ºF -100 ºC Alcohol -22 ºC -148 ºF Organic Range -7 ºF +25 ºC Solid-Solid +180 ºC 77 ºF PCM Solution 356 ºF Temperature Range
SOLID PLASTIC ENCAPSULATED PCM PRODUCTS Balls Flat Containers Tubes Beams Tiles
FLEXIBLE ENCAPSULATED PCM PRODUCTS POWDERS Liquid POUCHES BOARDS
METAL ENCAPSULATED PCM PRODUCTS Cells Metal Forms Static Beams Tiles Balls Dynamic Beams
ORGANIC PCM VARIATIONS Micro encapsulation
PCM APPLICATIONS 1)Passive Cooling 2)Solar Application 3)Air Conditioning 4)Heat Pump Applications 5)Special Applications
Warm Air Ceiling Void Absorbed by Cooler Ceiling Tiles Solar Gains Cool Outside Air Warm Room Air Rises Cooler Air Falls PlusICE Cells PlusICE Cells Cooler Air Falls Warm Room Air Rises Cooler Air Falls DISCHARGE PERIOD CHARGE PERIOD 2003 International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, D.C., August 17-22, 2003
Nottingham University Office Building, UK ceiling DAY heat pipe/pcm unit propellor fan NIGHT Heat Pipe 003 International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, D.C., August 17-22, 2003
A TYPICAL PASSIVE COOLING ELECTRONIC CHAMBER APPLICATION ROOM (+45 ºC) MAX DAY (+45 ºC) PCM (+32 ºC) DAY (+27 ºC) 2003 International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, D.C., August 17-22, 2003
PCM PASSIVE COOLING UK SCHOOL APPLICATIONS LECTURE THEATRE CLASSROOM
PCM PASSIVE COOLING OFFICE APPLICATIONS PCM PASSIVE COOLING COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS +22 ºC PCM Tube Bundle LONDON, UK LONDON, UK
+46ºC +27ºC
PCM APPLICATIONS 1)Passive Cooling 2)Solar Application 3)Air Conditioning 4)Heat Pump Applications 5)Special Applications
Commonwealth Games Olympic Village Solar Heating (Australia)
UNDERFLOOR SOLAR PCM ENERGY STORAGE (UK) HDPE tubes Filled with +27 ºC PCM solution Underfloor Heating
100 m3 Tank filled with 16,750 FlatICE using S15 (+15C) PCM solutions providing 5 MWh thermal energy storage
PCM APPLICATIONS 1)Passive Cooling 2)Solar Application 3)Air Conditioning 4)Heat Pump Applications 5)Special Applications
TES LOAD CHARGING SHIFTING DISCHARGING
CIVIC CENTER 65m3 Tank housing 12,500 FlatICE filled with +10C PCM solution providing 3MWh TES
University of Bergen, Høgskolen i Bergen Energy Centre PCM Storage, NORWAY 27 ºC / 32 ºC 81 ºF / 90 ºF Heat Recovery Circuit 4 Nos, 60m3 each filled with +10ºC (50ºF) PCM Energy Storage Tanks 12,000 kwh (3,000 Ton-hr) 2ºC 4.5ºC 2ºC PCM +10ºC PCM +10ºC PCM +10ºC PCM +10ºC 11ºC 7ºC 7 ºC / 11 ºC 45 ºF / 52 ºF Chilled Water Circuit 1,155 kw (328 RT) 4.5ºC TES Tanks FlatICE Elements 2 ºC / 4.5 ºC 36 ºF / 40 ºF Distributed Cooling 400 kw (114 RT)
Zero Energy Office (ZEO) Building Pusat Tenaga Malaysia
CHINA SHIPPING BUILDING, Felixstowe, UK 1,200 kwh 6,000 FlatICE +13C PCM 16~20ºC 14~17ºC 12ºC Chilled Ceiling Pump Primary Pump 5ºC Secondary Pump 12ºC 5ºC 120 kw Chiller Capacity
+15C PCM Balls 2.7 MWH
PCM APPLICATIONS 1)Passive Cooling 2)Solar Application 3)Air Conditioning 4)Heat Pump Applications 5)Special Applications
UTA (Ricuperatore) VENTILCONVETTORI TRAVI FREDDE +13C 1,500 kwh +46C 2,000 kwh Heat Pump No: 1 Heat Pump No : 2 BUFFER VESSEL GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
HEATING FlatICE Containers +45ºC 150 kwh Solar System Building Load GROUND SOURCE COOLING +8ºC 150 kwh Hot Water Tank Chilled Water Circuit Heat Pump FlatICE Containers
Dry Cooler Solar System Building Load Heat Pump Hot Water Tank Chilled Water Circuit Pumps +45C 150 kw +8C 150 kw Tanks
Water Source Heat Pump System HEAT REJECTION EXTERNAL HEAT PUMP HEAT PUMP COOLING MODE MAIN WATER LOOP 20 C ~ 25C +22C PCM BUFFER TANK HEAT PUMP HEATING MODE 13 C COLD AIR 30 C WARM AIR
PCM APPLICATIONS 1)Passive Cooling 2)Solar Application 3)Air Conditioning 4)Heat Pump Applications 5)Special Applications
NATIONAL THEATRE, LONDON CHP ENERGY STORAGE INSTALLATION Cooling Tower 400 kwe CHP Electric Chiller ELECTRIC USAGE 400 kwe @ 620 kva 6 ºC / 12 ºC 44 ºF / 54 ºF Chilled Water Circuit 2,018 kwh (573 RT) 70 ºC / 90ºC 158ºF/194 ºF Heating Circuit Absorption Chiller 366 kw (104 RT) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM +8ºC (47ºF) PCM Containers Tank 8 Nos, each filled with +8ºC (47ºF) PCM Energy Storage Tanks 2,000 kw (568 Ton-hr) Tanks
CONCLUSION 1)Aim for any FREE energy. 2)WASTE not. 3)Diversify energy usage / sources. 4)Consider alternative / emerging technologies. 5)First Cost Vs Life Cycle Cost. 6) Right technology for the application.