The Great East Japan Earthquake Actions taken by municipalities and lessons for the future Yoichi KODERA, PhD, Senior research scientist National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Watari town, Miyagi. 2012 Apr
Typical earthquakes in Japan Death&Missing Buildings Lost 2012 M9.0 2007 M6.8 2004 M6.8 1995 M7.3 1993 M7.8 1983 M7.7 1978 M7.4 1978 M7.0 Mostly by drowning Mostly by crushing 2012 M9.0 2007 M6.8 2004 M6.8 1995 M7.3 1993 M7.8 1983 M7.7 1978 M7.4 1978 M7.0 1974 M6.9 1974 M6.9 1968 M7.9 1968 M7.9 1964 M7.5 1964 M7.5 1960 M8.5 1960 M8.5 1948 M7.1 1948 M7.1 1945 M6.8 1945 M6.8 1944 M8.0 1944 M8.0 1943 M7.2 1943 M7.2 1933 M8.1 1923 M7.9 Mostly by fire // 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 143,000 1933 M8.1 1923 M7.9 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000
Death and Missing Iwate Prefecture 5,900 Miyagi yg Pref. 11,000 Fukushima Pref. 1,800 Ibaraki Pref. 24 Chiba Pref. 20 Tsunami hit took at least 30 min after the quake. First warning was only 3-m hiht height of fthe wave at tthe nearest area.
Response to the Disaster and handling Wastes Emergency response period 3 days Search & rescue of lives, establish evaluation sites Securing safety against fire and accidents Search & confirm a body, Recovery period 1 month Construction of tentative houses Managing dangerous wastes and tentative storage of wastes Restoration period 1 year (& reconstruction ction 10 yr) Restoring infrastructure and housing Waste treatment and recycling
Actions after the earthquake and Tsunami Core disaster zone Tsunami attack followed by houses washed away or fire. Search and rescue operations by the Self-defense forces, police, fire unit from nation-wide area, international rescue teams, and US forces. Other disaster area Houses damaged. Lifeline shut down and shortage of gasoline and heating oil. Infrastructure recovery by the local municipalities, prefectural governments, fire unit with service companies. Remove hazardous, dangerous and bulky wastes ASAP for securing transportation routes. for preventing secondary disaster such as fire, explosion, injure.
Urgent actions required for wastes Control of disease and smell: Putrefactive wastes such as rotten food and dead animals Agri-products, fishery storage, domestic animals, pet animals Fire prevention and health: Hazardous wastes Automobile, E-Wastes Fuel and chemicals in tanks, kerosene heaters, LPG cylinders and other substances in containers or equipment Easy access for safe and rapid transportation Clearing public zones such as road and space area
Wastes of continuous generation Crushed buildings (C1) Debris from properties Garbage from evaluation sites Cars and ships (C2)
Basic flow of disaster wastes Garbage from living Stock yard (C3) Temporary deposit site Primary stock yard Secondary stock yard Disaster wastes Crushing Recycling Landfill site Incineration
Waste operation in disaster area 1. Estimate waste amounts Combining i satellite images measuring disaster area with unit waste amounts per building 2. Establish temporary stock yards 3. Arrange transportation & treatment Municipality Contractors Possible contractor: Major construction companies with local construction companies and waste management companies Tender for plan proposals of fincineration i i in a tentative incineration plants, landfill and recycling.
Recovery actions in handling wastes Fire prevention Combustible wastes from wooden houses may cause fire in summer. Environmental protection Monitor the waste stock yards to prevent smell and pollution of the air, ground and water. Radiation exposure Monitor the radioactivity of wastes and incineration ash.
Three major problems Huge amounts of rubble debris and demolition wastes: Require nation-wide treatment in 3yrs to prevent delays in reconstruction. Radioactive substance: Require continuous monitoring. Limited human resources: Hiring refugees and volunteers.
Disaster waste problems Huge amounts in one time Most are in temporary stock yards now. 22.7 million tons in 3 prefs. Cf. Corresponds to generation in 13yrs. Annual gen. 1.8 million tons a year at a peace time Combustible wastes Incombustible wastes Obstacles to nation-wide incineration during 3 yrs Limited capacity of landfill sites Many municipalities still do not start Wastes of home electric incineration despite to strong requests appliance and automobiles are from MOE because local l residents are treated t in the current legislation l anxious for radioactive substances and systems. worries to air pollution Asbestos-containing wastes: Landfill
Bid result of disaster wastes treatment of Natori area in Miyagi Prefecture (*1) Area name Waste amounts Tsunami deposit Price Joint venture thousand tons thousand m 3 Billion yen Natori city Nishimatsu Construction and others 200 510 19.3 Iwanuma city Hazama and others Watari town Obatashi Corporation and others Yamamoto town Fujita Corporation and others 240 690 28.3 860 610 64.7 510 410 39.4 *1 Miyagi prefecture: population 2.3 million, 13 cities and 22 towns,7.3 million km 2. *2 Treatment fee is up to about 100 yen/kg.
Risks caused by disaster wastes Fuel, chemicals, medical wastes, electric appliances, automobiles, crushed buildings, dirt and soil, trees, sludge, dead animals Potential hazardous matter: Combustibles, putrefactive matter, infectious matter, asbestos, PCB, heavy metals Emission to the air, land, sea and ground water fire, explosion, injure health problems diseases obstacles bt to recovery and reconstruction ti
Special features of disaster waste Time and places unexpected. Variety of disaster Earthquake, flood, tsunami,,g ground slide, snow slide Variety of disaster wastes Building of wood or concrete., dirt of marine or river deposit, trees and grass Furniture, car, electric and electronic equipment Problems of municipalities Lack of workers, equipment, fuel, transportation. Lost of administrative ability of municipality Damaged facility and vehicles for waste management
Current guidelines of managing disaster waste: MOE Earthquake waste management (`96 & 98) Established by considering the Southern Hyogo Earthquake ake (1995) Flood waste management (2005) Food in Niigata and dfukui Prefectures (2004) Regulation: Handling rules of Subsidies Treatment of disaster wastes including marine debris For municipalities and private sectors under the requests of municipalities, i public waste treatment t t sectors such as PCB treatment Soil and sand are managed by the ministry of land. Reconstruction of waste treatment facilities See also, Waste sorting and transportation, Japan Soc. See also, Waste sorting and transportation, Japan Soc. Material Cycles and Waste Management (2011)
Current status: waste treatment Generation and treatment of disaster wastes (May 21, 2012) Prefecture Estimated amounts, TT Ratio of wastes in tentative stock yard, % Treated amounts, TT /ratio,% Incinerated/landf ill/recycling TT Iwate 5,250 78% in 105 sites 595/11% 117/56/422 Miyagi 11,537 81% in 141 sites 2,123/18% 94/85/1,944 Fukushima 2,011 71% in 33 sites 189/9% 2/1/186 Total 18,799 79% in 279 sites 2,907/16% 212/143/2,552 TT: thousand tons Incineration in municipalities and tentative incineration facilities Landfill Recycling use, Wood is used for fuel and concrete and asphalt are used for embankment and sea wall. => Recycling is performed in private sectors, whereas incineration is conducted in municipalities, which takes long time due to the limited capacity.
Tentative incineration plant under construction Prefecture Area Number of plants Miyagi Kesennuma 7 Ishinomaki 5 Iwate Natori-watari Tohbu Sendai city Miyako Kamaishi 12 2 3 2 2 Capacity, ton/day 985 1,500 1,210 320 480 95 100 The fist incinerator of 300-ton/day capacity in Ishinomaki area was launched on May, 2012. The others will be in operation in these a few month. It costs 20 billion yen, and took three month to construct it despite to the ordinary construction period is one year. Source: Nikkei News Paper (Nihon Keizai Shinbun,Web), May 23, 2012
Demonstration project of gasification of radioactive waste woods and disaster wastes Ostrand Co.Ltd-AIST, Streetdesign Corp.-AIST, 3-kg/h bench plant in AIST 2-ton/day pilot plant by Ostrand
Tornado attack in Tsukuba city One killed, 1200 houses collapsed. May 6, 2012
Additional lessens for the future Self-defence against disaster: Who helps you? in Hyogo Earthquake. Myself:Neighbors:Rescue Unit = 7:2:1 Self-defense in private level, community level, municipality level, and country level Waste treatment is an essential factor in recovery and reconstruction stages. Establish a well-prepared p guideline considering local conditions of the nature, people and society. Think of beyond imagination or assumption.
Thank you for your attentions
Credit Photo (C1) 2011 Motoshi Kazama, Keiichiro Sano. (C2) 2011 Yoshihiro IDE all rights reserved. (C3) 2011 Hideto St Sato. Others are taken by Yoichi Kodera. References Disaster-operation report of Miyagi prefectural government, Mar., 2012 http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/kikitaisaku/higasinihondaisinsai/ pref kensyou.htm (in Japanese) Disaster recovery plan of Miyagi prefectural government, Oct., 2011 htt // f i i j / i k / i ih kk /k ik k /k http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/seisaku/sinsaihukkou/keikaku/ke ikakugaiyou_en.pdf (Summary, English version)
Rf References (continued) Countermeasures against the Great East Japan Earthquake, Ministry of the Environment, Home page. http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/ (in Japanese) Waste management Suffered pet animals Environment monitoring Asbestos Electricity saving Volunteer information Procedure of permission or license in legislation Manual for waste sorting and treatments by the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management http://eprc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/saigai/report/files/manualver2-re3.pdf (in Japanese)
Tragedy of the disaster-control center of the Minami-Sanriku Municipality This building locates only some 500 m away from the harbor nearby. About 30 people were in the building. Only 8 was survived on the top of the building, tightly hanging the handrail or radio antenna. Others were dead, including a lady announcing an evaluation message to the residents. Even officials of the disaster section did not imagine the situation like this. No one neither. How do you think of it? Gradual increase of tidal wave was taken in the pictures The last one was taken at Gradual increase of tidal wave was taken in the pictures. The last one was taken at the top of this building, facing the wave over the roof. http://www.town.minamisanriku.miyagi.jp/uploads/photos1/2064.pdf
A message In an evacuation center, an ordinary old woman said. There is a limited number of small rice balls. If everyone try to get it, it is short for this lunch time. But if people share them, everyone will be able to eat them even in a dinner tomorrow.