APHUG Chapter 10: Agriculture p.306 P a g e 1 KI 1 4 Name Key Issues 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate? 2: Where Are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? 3: Where Are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? 4: Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? Case Study: Wheat Farmers in Kansas and Pakistan 1. What are the similarities between the McKinley and Iqbel Family farms? 2. What are the major differences between the McKinley s and the Iqbel s farms? 3. LDCs are home to of the world s, but fewer than of the people in the are farmers. However, allows farmers to produce enough for people in the U.S. at a high standard with for other people in the world. 4. What happens to farm products in less developed regions? What happens to farm products in MDCs? 5. How is agriculture connected to globalization throughout MDCs and LDCs? KEY ISSUE #1: WHERE DID AGRICULTURE ORIGINATE? 6. Define agriculture and crop. When did agriculture originate? Agriculture: Crop: 7. How did humans attain food before the advent of agriculture? 8. Describe hunters and gathers use 3-4 sentences.
P a g e 2 9. What % of the world s population survive by hunting and gathering today? Who are they and where are they located? 10. What do geographers agree on about the origin of agriculture? What do they disagree about? 11. Indicate on the map below the first crops domesticated in Southwest Asia Crops: Diffused to: 12. Indicate on the map above what country that RICE and MILLET originated more than 10,000 years ago. 13. Where was SORGHUM domesticated? Indicate on map above. 14. Where were MILLET and RICE domesticated independently of East Asia? 15. The important hearths of crop domestication in Latin America were and. around years ago. 16. What foods were domesticated in Latin America in which hearths? Hearth #1 Foods: Hearth #2 Foods: Hearth #3 Foods: 17. Where was maize (corn) domesticated and where did it diffuse? 18. Name the all locations and types of animals that were some of the earliest to be domesticated by man. See figure 10-3 LOCATION ANIMALS TIME PERIOD
P a g e 3 19. Where was the first region that integrated the use of animals to cultivate crops? Why was this important to modern agriculture? 20. What factors do scientists credit with the origination of agriculture? #1 #2 What is the mostly likely factor(s) to cause agriculture s creation?. 21. What led to the diversity of agricultural practices in separate areas of the globe? What has led to the sharing of agricultural practices? Give an example of sharing of agricultural practices in the 1500s? 22. Where are the most fundamental difference in agricultural practices today? and What type of agriculture does each area focus on? LDC: MDC:. 23. Contrast subsistence farming and commercial agriculture. What are the 5 principal features that distinguish subsistence farming from commercial agriculture? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 24. Who is Derwent Whittlesey? What did he create and when? How did he differentiate between MDCs and LDCs? Mark each area of agriculture on the map either LDC or MDC How do climate and agriculture relate? Explain 3 examples of climate and agriculture links. Why are geographers reluctant to place too much emphasis on the role of climate in agriculture? What is another factor besides climate that can control the type of agriculture/farming techniques of people groups?
P a g e 4 25. Where do commercial farmers often sell their product? 26. What is the percentage of farmers in MDCs? What is the cause for the dramatic decline in farmers in the U.S. during the 20 th century? 27. What improvements enable commercial farmers in MDCs to produce more food with less farmers? Name 3 specific examples from the book. 1. 2. 3. 28. Compare the size of farms in LDCs to MDCs. Who owns most of the farms in MDCs (esp. United States) Why are farms typically larger in MDCs? 29. What is the ratio of farmland to farmers and farms in 1900 compared to 2000? Why is U.S. farmland declining since 1960? How is the U.S. losing prime agricultural land? 30. What is agribusiness? How does it affect MDCs (esp. the U.S.)? How much of the U.S. workforce in involved in food production and services related to agribusiness? What can these jobs include? KEY ISSUE #2: WHERE ARE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN LDCs? 31. What are the 4 main agricultural types characteristic of LDCs? 1. 2. 3. 4. 32. In what climate region is shifting cultivation normally practiced? What type of weather is common to the region? 33. Name 4 regions and three countries (from three different continents) in which shifting cultivation is practiced? REGIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. COUNTRIES:
P a g e 5 34. FUTURE OF TYPE OF FARMING CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS PROCESS (How does it work?) CROPS GROWN LAND OWNERSHIP TECHNIQUE or IMPLICATIONS to AGRICULTURE SHIFTING Define swidden: CULTIVATION PASTORAL Define NOMADISM transhumance: INTENSIVE Define double SUBSISTENCE cropping: Wet Rice Dominant INTENSIVE Define crop SUBSISTENCE rotation: Dry Rice Dominant PLANTATION FARMING
P a g e 6 KEY ISSUE #3: WHERE ARE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN MDCs 35. What are the 6 main types of commercial agriculture in MDCs? 4. 5. 6. 36. MIXED CROP & LIVESTOCK (MCL): In what regions is mixed crop and livestock (MCL) farming most prominent in the world? What is its most distinctive characteristic? (i.e. What is purpose of the majority of the crops in MCL? What do the animals provide to support crops? Where does the majority of the income in a MCL come from?) What is the most important of MCL region in the United States? What is the most important crop? 2 nd most important? How does the crop rotation system work for MCL? What is the difference between crop rotation and shifting cultivation? What are cereal grains? Explain the difference between the 2-field and 4-field systems of crop rotation? When and where was each used? What crops were used? 37. DAIRY FARMING: Where is dairy farming the most important commercial practice? Where is it growing in importance? Where was milk mostly consumed traditionally? How, when, and why did this change? Explain how the world s share of dairy farming has shifted since 1970. What country is the largest dairy producer? What is a milkshed? Why must dairy farms be closer to their markets? Why has dairying been taken farther from the market? Name 2 transportation improvements that supported this. and Why would a farmer choose to produce butter, cheese, or evaporated milk instead of fresh milk? Where does most processed milk come from? Why? Why does New Zealand produce only 5% liquid milk?
P a g e 7 What are three challenges facing dairy farmers today? 1. 2. 3. 38. GRAIN FARMING: Give 6 examples of grain? 4. 5. 6. How are grain farms different from mixed crop and livestock farms? Who do grain farmers sell their product to? What is the most import grain crop grown? Give 3 reasons why this is. What is the world s leading export crop? Why the U.S. and Canada are called the world s breadbasket? Describe winter-wheat: (When is it planted, harvested, and where does the winter-wheat belt extend?) Describe spring-wheat? (When is it planted, harvested, and where does the spring-wheat belt extend?) When was the McCormick reaper invented? What does the combine do? How do farmers compensate for the fact that the effort required to grow wheat is not uniform throughout the year? 39. RANCHING: What is ranching? Where is it practiced? and in what climates? When did it dominate commercial agriculture? What was the challenge to ranchers from Texas? Why did they want to get their cattle to Chicago? Why did Abilene, Kansas grow so fast? What other cities followed in Abilene s footsteps?
P a g e 8 What was the most famous ranching trail? Describe the range wars. What was the farmer s most potent weapon against ranchers? Who owns 60% of the land cattle graze on today? Name 5 other countries where cattle ranching occurs. 4. 5. What is the name of the region in Argentina where cattle ranching occurs? Explain the different stages ranching has gone thru throughout the world. How does it differ from pastoral nomadism? 40. MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE: Explain the physical characteristics of the typical Mediterranean agricultural region. What is the purpose crops grown in Mediterranean agriculture? Define horticulture: Name 3 crops that come from Mediterranean agriculture. What is the difference between crops grown bordering the Mediterranean and crops grown in California? 41. TRUCK FARMING: What is truck farming? Where is it dominant? Name 6 products grown on truck farms. 4. 5. 6. How do truck farmers keep costs low? Where are most of the fruits and vegetables sold? KEY ISSUE #4: WHY DO FARMERS FACE ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES? 42. How are commercial farmers victims of their own success? What are government subsidies?
P a g e 9 43. Explain von Thunen s model for farms and products. Label each of the rings and explain their purpose on the image. Use at least 5 sentences. 44. Why do commercial farmers suffer from low incomes? How does dairy farming provide a good example of this? Use data (statistics) to support your claim. 45. Explain in detail the 3 policies the U.S. government has used for the problem of excess productive capacity. 46. How much did the U.S. spend on farm subsidies on average? How do subsidy spending vary from year to year? How does Europe compare to the United States when it comes to subsidies? Why is this? 47. What is the irony regarding food production in MDCs versus LDCs? 48. What is sustainable agriculture? What is becoming an increasingly form of sustainable agriculture? What three principles distinguish sustainable agriculture (organic farming) from conventional agriculture? 49. What is ridge tillage? Why is it attractive to farmers? How does ridge tillage lower production costs? Explain. How does ridge tillage contribute to soil conservation? Explain.
P a g e 10 50. What are Roundup-Ready seeds? Who created them? What are two negative aspects of these seeds? 1. 2. 51. How does sustainable agriculture combat weeds? What is the impact on yields? 52. How do sustainable farmers integrate crops and livestock? How was this practice used in the past? 53. How does animal confinement impact the environment? What is the controversy over use of this practice? 54. How do weather conditions impact herd size on a sustainable farm? What is the largest single variable cost in any livestock operation? 55. What are the two main issues influences subsistence farmers? 1. 2. 56. What are the 2 ways that subsistence farmers increase the supply of food through intensification of production, according to Ester Boserup? Explain each in detail. Use 3-5 sentences for each. 1. 2. 57. Explain the dilemma concerning subsistence farming and international trade? What is the role of cash crops versus growing food to feed people?
P a g e 11 58. How does gender play a role in the agriculture and work practices of Kenyan s? 59. Where does the majority of the world s heroin come from? Cocaine? Where is most of the Marijuana that reaches the U.S. grown? 60. What 4 strategies can increase food supply? 1. 2. 3. 4. 61. What % of land is currently cultivated for agriculture? Why is this misleading? 62. Define desertification: Give 3 reasons why it occurs: How much land has been lost to desertification? How much land is removed from agricultural production each year due to desertification? 63. How does urbanization impact farmland? 64. When did population begin to grow faster than food production? 65. What was the green revolution? When did it occur? What are the two main factors of the green revolution? 1. 2. 66. What happened to India s wheat production as a result of miracle rice seeds? Explain. 67. What 3 elements form the basis for fertilizers? How do fossil fuel prices impact the prices of fertilizers? 68. What do farmers need to make the most effective use of miracle seeds? How does this impact LDCs? 69. What 3 strategies have been considered to develop new food sources?
P a g e 12 70. How has overfishing impacted the total world fish catch since 1980? 71. How can high-protein cereal grains help LDCs? Explain. 72. What role could Krill play in increasing food supply? How have soybeans become a product that can be consumed by Americans? 73. What are the three top export grains in the world? 74. What is PL 480? What does it say? Title I: Title II: 75. Leading exporters of rice: 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th 76. Leading grain importing countries: 1 st 2 nd 77. What region is the leading net importer of all three major grains?