Beyond the Border: Border Wait Time Measurement

Beyond the Border: Border Wait Time Measurement Regional Roundtable Discussions Transport Canada U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration

Memorandum of Cooperation Signed March 9, 2010 by: Transport Canada U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) The participants intended to work together to identify opportunities for cooperation on specific projects and activities that foster the use of technology to measure border wait times at US-Canada land border crossings by forming a Border Wait Time Working Group

Beyond the Border On February 4, 2011, Prime Minister Harper and President Obama announced a shared vision for perimeter security and economic competitiveness with focus on four areas of cooperation: Addressing threats early; trade facilitation, economic growth and jobs; cross-border law enforcement; and critical infrastructure and cybersecurity On December 7, 2011, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper released an Action Plan to implement this shared vision: A key commitment was to implement a border wait-time measurement system at mutually determined high priority Canada-United States border crossings Canada and the U.S. agreed to implement these systems at the top 20 high-priority Canada-U.S. land border crossings

High-Priority Border Crossings Point Roberts, WA Boundary Bay, B.C. Peace Arch: Blaine, WA (I-5) Douglas, B.C. (Hwy 99) Pacific Highway: Blaine, WA (WSR 543) Hwy 15, B.C. Lynden, WA (WSR 539) Aldergrove, B.C. (Hwy 13) Sumas, WA (WSR 9) Huntingdon, B.C. (Hwy 11) Sweetgrass, MT (I-15) Coutts, AB (Hwy 4) Portal, ND (US Rt 52) North Portal, SK (Hwy 39) Pembina, ND (I-29) Emerson, MB (Hwy 75) International Bridge: Sault Ste. Marie, MI SSM, ON Blue Water Bridge: Port Huron, MI Sarnia, ON Detroit-Windsor Tunnel: Detroit, MI Windsor, ON Ambassador Bridge: Detroit, MI Windsor, ON Peace Bridge: Buffalo, NY (I-190) Fort Erie, ON (QEW) Rainbow Bridge: Niagara Falls, NY Niagara Falls, ON Queenston-Lewiston Bridge: Lewiston, NY Queenston, ON 1000 Islands Bridge: Alexandria Bay, NY Lansdowne, ON Champlain, NY (I-87) St-Bernard de Lacolle, QC (Rte 15) Highgate Springs, VT St-Armand/Phillipsburg, QC (Rte 133) Madawaska, ME Edmundston, NB Calais, ME (International Ave) St. Stephen, NB (Hwy 1) Already completed (7 crossings) A New Beyond the Border

Progress to Date Of the top 20 crossings identified, the following 7 have already been instrumented with border wait time technology through various different programs: British Columbia Peace Arch (Highway 99/Interstate 5) Pacific Highway (Highway 15/WA State Road 543) Aldergrove (Highway 13/WA State Road 539) Huntingdon (Highway 11/Interstate 9) Ontario Peace Bridge (Queen Elizabeth Way/Interstate 190) Queenston-Lewiston (Highway 405/Interstate 190) Blue Water Bridge (Highway 402/Interstates 69 and 94)

The Border Issue Longer wait times Volatility and unpredictability of crossing times Increasing congestion and safety concerns Impacts on traffic flow in border communities Environmental and health impacts Inconsistencies between crossings Financial impacts

The Causes Accuracy of information Capacity constraints Limited crossing options for commercial operators Lack of planning Increased focus on security Jurisdictional complexity Impact of infrastructure improvements

Why Measure Border Wait Time? Automated systems to collect and disseminate information on border wait time can provide key benefits: Provide accurate information to the traveling public and stakeholders; Improve predictability, reliability and consistency of wait time data; Reduce traveler delays and congestions by helping to ensure a smoother flow of traffic; Reduce environmental impacts; Help to reduce errors and bias; Optimize the allocation of resources for border management; and, Enhance economic competitiveness

How Do We Use The Information? Data from automated systems benefit a variety of stakeholders: Public agencies can use the data to measure performance and prioritize actions and improvements; Private agencies can use the data to plan operations and ensure supply chain reliability; Individuals can use the data to inform and adjust travel plans Taken together, these actions can help reduce wait times and improve the overall efficiency of the border!

Challenges Challenges faced in implementing the Beyond the Border commitment: Managing different geographical and technical states of readiness at various border crossings Bi-National collaboration Requires significant cooperation between stakeholders including federal, provincial, state, local governments, and border operators The Border Wait Time (BWT) Working Group engaged a consultant to collect information on high-priority crossings, assessed their readiness for implementation, and defined actions to move forward The initiative showed that crossings are at varying levels of readiness and provided recommendations to help build capacity but no specific recommendations around technology

Report In 2013, a consultant was engaged to further efforts to implement automated border wait time measurement solutions in a coordinated fashion by facilitating stakeholder coordination and project development at 13 ports of entry A team of experts collected information on high-priority crossing sites, assessed their readiness for implementation, and defined action plans to move forward The project produced a combination of detailed site preparation reports for each crossing and a set of high-level conclusions and recommendations.

Project Overview Crossings Crossing locations included sites from coast to coast Sites were chosen based on several factors including volume Crossings were presented by region to support coordination Regional Grouping Included Crossing Sites US State CA Province Maritimes Calais St. Stephen (3 crossings) Houlton Woodstock Madawaska Edmundston Maine Maine Maine New Brunswick New Brunswick New Brunswick St. Lawrence Great Lakes Derby Line Stanstead Highgate Springs St. Armand Champlain St. Bernard de Lacolle 1000 Islands Lansdowne Blue Water Bridge (has since been completed) Sault Ste. Marie Pembina Emerson Portal North Portal Coutts Sweetgrass Vermont Vermont New York New York Michigan Michigan Quebec Quebec Quebec Ontario Ontario Ontario Great Plains North Dakota Manitoba North Dakota Saskatchewan Montana Alberta Pacific Point Roberts Boundary Bay Washington British Columbia

Key Project Results Readiness Assessment Each site was visited to collect information and meet with stakeholders Goal was to determine what will be necessary to prepare sites for BWT measurement system implementation Key outputs: Site Profiles Site Readiness Assessments

Key Project Results High-Level Conclusions: Despite common functionality, sites have many unique attributes Roadway geometry and riding surfaces Local operations Device mounting options Power and communications infrastructure availability Significant decisions at nearly all sites Which technology type is most appropriate Whether to procure a turn-key solution, acquire a service, or self-equip Who will assume what roles regarding implementation, operations and maintenance How to fund deployment and ongoing operations

Key Project Results General Recommendations: BWT Working Group partner agencies should establish a mechanism for providing ongoing guidance and technical support to stakeholders BWT Working Group partner agencies should compile a master BWT Stakeholder Directory and provide it in an easily-accessible location BWT Working Group partner agencies and the stakeholders should collaborate on defining a compilation of information sources and a questionnaire to inquire about the availability of supporting infrastructure

Key Project Results Procurement Procurement Recommendations: BWT Working Group partner agencies should consider providing ongoing stakeholder technical and project management support for procurement efforts at the sites that express a need for it BWT Working Group partner agencies should host or sponsor a webbased workshop and periodic follow-up sessions to provide guidance and facilitate the exchange of ideas regarding procurement of BWT measurement systems

Key Project Results Operations & Maintenance Operations and Maintenance Recommendations: The stakeholder forums, directory and guidance documentation recommendations discussed above should be expanded to include operations-related topics Since it is likely that multiple distribution channels will be used (e.g., web sites, dynamic message signs, smartphone apps, etc.), there should be some discussion of provisions for wait time dissemination The stakeholder forums, directory and guidance documentation recommendations discussed above should be expanded to include maintenance-related topics

Border Wait Time Peer Exchange December 9-10, 2014 Phoenix, Arizona Tri-National: Canada, Mexico and the United States Objective: To help federal agencies, state and provincial departments of transportation, local planning organizations, bridge authorities and other organizations understand methodologies and tools for collecting and using border wait time data to improve outcomes and achieve performance goals and targets

Discussion Topics Topics included: Performance measures Definitions and metrics Past, current, and future projects and systems Data storage and data mining Future research trends and technologies

Border Wait Time Data Data from automated systems are useful for a variety of stakeholders: Travellers/ Public Private sector Public agencies border agencies and transportation departments

Lessons Learned Participants discussed lessons learned to inform automated border wait time efforts, including: Setting achievable goals and expanding systems incrementally Considering who will use the data and how it will be used Ensuring thorough detail in data purchase agreements Developing MOUs for data sharing, where appropriate Considering funding issues short and long term Ensuring consistency with other systems

Next Steps/Needs Gather accurate, reliable and complete data on border wait time, including origin and destination data Develop a common set of metrics, definitions, methodologies and performance measures Adopt a holistic approach to managing and reducing border wait time (e.g. Traffic Management Centres) Apply best practices for disseminating data to the public Maintain coordination and strong partnerships Use border wait time data to make decisions and direct policy

1000 Islands Bridge Alexandria Bay, NY Lansdowne, ON Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercial Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 8, 4 *Toll: 3 lanes (cash only) 1800 (cars) 450 (com) 10 min Loops, DMS, CCTV, fiber cable NEXUS, FAST Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercial Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 7, 4 *Toll: 4 lanes (cash only) 2000 (cars) 450 (com) 10 min Loops, DMS, CCTV, fiber cable NEXUS, FAST

Blue Water Bridge Port Huron, MI Sarnia, ON Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercia l Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 17, 10 5000-7000 (cars) 2500 (com) 5-10 min (micro)loops, DMS, CCTV, fiber optic cable NEXUS, FAST *Toll: 5 lanes (cash only, electronic payment TBD) Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercial Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 11, 8 5000-7000 (cars) 2200 (com) 5-10 min Loops, DMS, CCTV, fiber optic cable NEXUS, FAST *Toll: 5 lanes (cash only, electronic payment TBD)

Sault Ste. Marie (MI-ON) Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercial Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 5, 3 3500 (cars) 250 (com) 45 min (sum) 5 min (win) RFID, LPR, DMS, CCTV, fiber cable NEXUS, FAST *Toll: 2 lanes + 1 reversible (electronic payment using a proxy card) Vehicles # of PIL Auto/Commercial Avg. Daily Volume Avg. Wait Time Current ITS Infrst. NEXUS/FAST? Passenger & Commercial 4,3 3500 (cars) 250 (com) 15 min (sum) 5 min (win) DMS, CCTV, fiber cable NEXUS, FAST *Toll: 2 lanes + 1 reversible (electronic payment using a proxy card)

Technologies Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Bluetooth Devices Video Image Recognition Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Loops RADAR Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information for equipped devices. Depending on equipment configuration, the accuracy of GPS ranges from less than a centimeter - 95 percent of the time - to about 100 meters. Estimated cost Subscription fees to access data through a variety of companies (e.g., Google, TomTom, Inrix) Study: Measuring Cross-Border Travel Times for Freight: Otay Mesa International Border Crossing Benefits Can be used to collect vehicle-related data (e.g., average idle times at select intersections) Reduces travel time of emergency vehicles Ability to collect and archive data on congestion along highway corridors Cons Uncertainty about volume of data through crossings Limited accuracy of location measurement precludes by-lane processing Ongoing fees (tracking service provider)

Bluetooth Devices Bluetooth is a data communications protocol used for wireless mobile communications. It can connect several devices simultaneously, helping to overcome problems of synchronization and can exchange data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices. Estimated cost The cost of a Bluetooth reader is approximately $5,000 plus installation and maintenance costs = $100,000 to install plus $1,000-$2,000/month Example This was used as a technology in the Buffalo-Niagara region (Queenston- Lewiston Bridge and Peace Bridge)/ Hybrid system at Blue Water Bridge Benefits Low power consumption/ low maintenance fees Adequate for lower volume border crossings Often used to validate accuracy of other system Cons Requires reader and communications installation Uncertainty regarding sample size Must filter out multiple devices in individual vehicles Issues around latency

Video Image Recognition Video image processing uses video or cameras to catch images of each passing vehicle, and extracts individual vehicle information including vehicle length, width, color, and sometimes, license plate. The extracted vehicle features from both upstream and downstream detection stations are then compared with each other to find the best matches Estimated cost Sensor purchase cost between $5000 - $26,000 (US$) Example This has been used in the San Ysidro, California-Tijuana, Mexico region Benefits Estimates the wait time for the next vehicle entering the queue (futureoriented), rather than recording the wait time for a vehicle that has already left the queue Can be used as a substitute for loop detectors in environments such as bridge decks where loop detectors are unsuitable Cons Occlusion (large vehicles blocking the next lane so that the detector cannot see vehicles) High equipment costs Cameras need to be cleaned generally twice per year Potential privacy concerns

Radio-Frequency Identification(RFID) A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponder or tag is mounted in the windshield of participating vehicles. Readers located upstream of the queue and at customs primary inspection read the tags. The time elapse between the two readings of each transponder represents the travel time between the two readers. Estimated cost The cost to implement a functioning RFID system have been estimated between $100,000.00 - $200,000 (costs can vary widely based on the number of locations where it will be installed) RFID-based border wait time system at Nogales-Mariposa POE/ heavily in use at Southern border Benefits Detects issues in advance which can potentially reduce maintenance and repair costs Well-evolved technology used for a number of applications/ Standards in place Can be integrated with existing systems/adaptable Cons Requires reader and networks installed and upgraded Costly to implement on a per-lane basis Need to ensure large enough sample size (for example analyze the number of vehicles that have a relevant device/rfid-readable tags)

Loop Detectors Loop detectors are coils of wire embedded in the roadway to detect the presence of vehicles, measure their speed and classify each vehicle as a car or a truck. Loops are used extensively by transportation authorities throughout the world to measure highway congestion, activate traffic signals and count vehicles. Their performance and reliability have been well-documented and road managers have successfully integrated them into their normal traffic operations. Estimated cost Approximately $2000/loop Example: Loops were selected for the first border wait time system deployed in British Columbia (Pacific Highway; Douglas (Peace Arch); Aldergrove) Benefits Technology is widely deployed and wellunderstood by transportation agencies Inexpensive and easy to install Approach is in use worldwide and considered accurate in Pacific region Can readily distinguish between vehicle types Cons Requires cutting of pavement surface for installation and maintenance Can be damaged by heavy vehicles and affected by weather Requires reader and communications installation Costly to implement on a per-lane basis Accuracy can be an issue

RADAR Relies on vehicle counts and classifications measured at upstream and downstream locations, using radar-based detectors in common use by transportation agencies Estimated cost $10,000.00 each (actual cost 2009) Benefits Technology is deployed and understood by transportation agencies Can readily distinguish between vehicle types Increases driver awareness of speed Cons Technology has issues dealing with stopped traffic and adjacent vehicles Requires reader and communications installation Results from BWT technology assessment generally inconclusive Easy to displace and relocate

Variable Message Signs (VMS) Electronic traffic signs with adjustable messages which provide motorists with current information concerning border wait time, but which also have application in respect of upcoming traffic, exits, roadway conditions, construction, etc. Estimated cost $15,000.00-21,000.00 (for smaller, portable signs) $75,000+ for larger, fixed signs - (2010 estimate) Example Since March 2014, 15 colour variable signs able to showcase over 30 different messages have been in operation at the Peace Bridge crossing, linking Fort Erie, ON and Buffalo, NY. (Total project cost $800k cost-shared by PBA and CBSA.) Benefits Can decrease time required to clear any type of accident because motorists have advanced warning and can avoid areas/routes where accidents are reported (e.g., on highways) High levels of motorist satisfaction Low operating costs Cons Can be difficult to view at times of intense brightness Requires significant maintenance, especially in harsh and extreme weather conditions High initial installation costs "Click of a button" updating by port allows rapid adjustment to real-time traffic situations and queuing patterns

Canadian Funding Transport Canada has capital funding available to negotiate agreements on wait time technology for the remaining thirteen crossings Costs at each site would likely include: hardware, cabling, software, system integration and field equipment Funding will be provided under the terms and conditions of the Gateways and Border Crossings Fund Ongoing operations and maintenance costs will be the responsibility of the recipient and will require ongoing dialogue with the Canada Border Services Agency to ensure continued and consistent automated reporting

U.S. Funding FHWA has pilot project funding available for State DOTs, MPOs, regional planning agencies, or joint teams to implement technology to measure border wait time and delay at selected border crossings. The main objective is to collect timely and accurate data regarding the amount of time that border users wait to cross is crucial to creating a more reliable border crossing experience. The expected benefits are data and information that can be used to: Enable commercial and non-commercial drivers to make informed decisions about when and where to cross the border; Operate transportation and border facility systems effectively; Plan appropriately for future needs; Evaluate the effects of improvements; and Educate and inform public agencies, freight stakeholders, and the motoring public. Initial Period of Performance is 18 months

Information Dissemination There are mobile apps available for smartphones which can provide information found on agency websites (e.g. Customs and Border Protection) As part of the Beyond the Border Action Plan to implement BWT technology at certain locations, the CBSA launched the redesigned BWT application in June 2014. The following five POE are capturing automated border wait time data on commercial and travellers lanes using either Bluetooth or inductive loops: Peace Bridge Queenston-Lewiston Bridge Pacific Highway Douglas (Peace Arch), and Aldergrove

Archiving Data In addition to providing performance metrics for the border crossing as a whole, archived data allows for comparative analyses of crossings, evaluations of various technologies deployed to calculate delay, near-time reporting of conditions to subscribers, monitoring trends, and analyses of economic impacts The U.S. Canada Border Data Warehouse is a dynamic database accessed online and connects users to archived wait times collected from two U.S. Canada border regions: the Cascade Gateway, and Buffalo-Niagara The database and website are scalable to allow for new wait time systems to be added as they are installed The objective of the site is to provide one stop shopping for highresolution border wait time data that is comparable across all connected crossings www.borderdatawarehouse.com

Contacts Julie Irvine Programs Advisor, Transportation Infrastructure Programs Transport Canada (613) 949-1251 Julie.Irvine@tc.gc.ca Tiffany Julien Transportation Specialist, Federal Highway Administration Office of Freight Management and Operations (202) 366-9241 Tiffany.Julien@dot.gov